Times and Seasons, 1 March 1842
-
Source Note
Times and Seasons (, Hancock Co., IL), 1 Mar. 1842, vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 703–718; edited by JS. For more complete source information, see the source note for Letter to Isaac Galland, 22 Mar. 1839.
-
Historical Introduction
The first issue of the -affiliated newspaper Times and Seasons was published near , Illinois, in 1839. Owned jointly by and , the paper was edited at various times by Smith, Robinson, and through summer 1841. Following the deaths of Smith and Thompson in August 1841, Robinson became sole proprietor and editor of the paper. On 28 January 1842 JS dictated a revelation that directed the to assume editorial responsibility for the paper. A week later Robinson sold the newspaper, along with the remainder of his printing establishment, to JS.Though JS assumed editorship of the Times and Seasons sometime in mid-February, he stated in his first editorial passage that he did not begin reviewing the paper’s content until the 1 March 1842 issue. A 2 March 1842 entry in JS’s journal notes, “Read the Proof of the ‘Times and Seasons’ as Editor for the first time, No. 9[th] Vol 3d. in which is the commencement of the Book of Abraham.” Though JS actively edited the paper at times, apparently assisted him in writing content. Regardless of who penned specific passages of editorial material, JS openly assumed editorial responsibility for all installments naming him as editor except the 15 February 1842 issue.Included in the 1 March 1842 issue of the Times and Seasons are four editorial passages, which are featured below with introductions. Other JS documents published in this issue of the newspaper, including an excerpt from the Book of Abraham and a rare narrative history of the church, are featured as stand-alone documents in this or other volumes of The Joseph Smith Papers. In the first editorial passage, JS publicly announced his new role as editor of the Times and Seasons to the newspaper’s readership.Note that only the editorial content created specifically for this issue of the Times and Seasons is annotated here. Articles reprinted from other papers, letters, conference minutes, and notices, are reproduced here but not annotated. Items that are stand-alone JS documents are annotated elsewhere; links are provided to these stand-alone documents.
Footnotes
-
1
Ebenezer Robinson and Don Carlos Smith, “Address,” Times and Seasons, Nov. 1839, 1:1–2.
Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.
-
2
Ebenezer Robinson, “To the Patrons of the Times and Seasons,” Times and Seasons, 16 Aug. 1841, 2:511; Ebenezer Robinson, “Items of Personal History of the Editor,” Return, May 1890, 257; July 1890, 302; see also Crawley, Descriptive Bibliography, 1:91–92.
Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.
The Return. Davis City, IA, 1889–1891; Richmond, MO, 1892–1893; Davis City, 1895–1896; Denver, 1898; Independence, MO, 1899–1900.
Crawley, Peter. A Descriptive Bibliography of the Mormon Church. 3 vols. Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1997–2012.
- 3
- 4
-
5
In the 15 March 1842 issue of the Times and Seasons, Robinson confirmed JS’s declaration. Apprising readers that in early February it had not been “fully decided whether President Smith should take the responsibility of editor, or not,” Robinson stated that the 15 February issue went to press without JS’s “personal inspection.” (Ebenezer Robinson, “To the Public,” Times and Seasons, 15 Mar. 1842, 3:729.)
- 6
-
7
Woodruff, Journal, 19 Feb. 1842.
Woodruff, Wilford. Journals, 1833–1898. Wilford Woodruff, Journals and Papers, 1828–1898. CHL. MS 1352.
-
8
JS was listed as editor of the newspaper through the 15 October 1842 issue; John Taylor was listed as editor thereafter. (Masthead, Times and Seasons, 15 Oct. 1842, 3:958; Masthead, Times and Seasons, 1 Nov. 1842, 4:16.)
Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.
-
9
Book of Abraham and Facsimiles, 1 Mar.–16 May 1842 [Abraham 1:1–2:18]; “Church History,” 1 Mar. 1842; Letter from Robert Peirce, 28 Feb. 1842; Notice, ca. 1 Mar. 1842; General Orders for Nauvoo Legion, 22–27 Feb. 1842.
-
10
See “Editorial Method”.
-
1
Document Transcript
Fig. 1,— | The Angel of the Lord. |
2. | Abraham, fastened upon an Altar. |
3. | The Idolatrous Priest of Elkenah attempting to offer up Abraham as a sacrifice. |
4. | The Altar for sacrifice, by the Idolatrous Priests, standing before the Gods of Elkenah, Libnah, Mahmachrah, Korash, and Pharaoh. |
5. | The Idolatrous God of Elkenah. |
6. | The " " " Libnah. |
7. | The " " " Mahmachrah. |
8. | The " " " Korash. |
9. | The " " " Pharaoh. |
10. | Abraham in Egypt. |
11. | Designed to represent the pillars of Heaven, as understood by the Egyptians. |
12. | Raukeeyang, signifying expanse, or the firmament, over our heads; but in this case, in relation to this subject, the Egyptians meant it to signify Shamau, to be high, or the heavens: answering to the Hebrew word, Shaumahyeem. |
Footnotes
-
1
TEXT: A “u” was accidentally set instead of an “n”.
-
2
TEXT: An ink spot obscures the letter, but the “r” is visible in the original.
-
3
Among the items printed in the 15 February issue of the Times and Seasons was a notice of marriage between Gilbert Rolfe and Eliza Jane Bates. Following the notice, a newspaper employee included a statement of congratulation laced with printer’s puns and suggestive language. In a letter to JS, typesetter Lyman O. Littlefield assumed responsibility for authoring the notice, stating, “You knew nothing of its existence until that edition had been ‘worked off’ and circulated—the proof sheet not being examined by you.” Robinson also confirmed that the 15 February installment “went to press without his [JS’s] personal inspection.” (Marriage Notice, Times and Seasons, 15 Feb. 1842, 3:701; Letter from Lyman O. Littlefield, 14 Mar. 1842; Ebenezer Robinson, “To the Public,” Times and Seasons, 15 Mar. 1842, 3:729.)
-
4
News Item, New-York Tribune (New York City), 26 Jan. 1842, [2].
New-York Tribune. New York City. 1841–1842.
-
5
The paymaster of the Missouri militia was Major Horner, a veteran of the War of 1812. (Journal of the Senate, of the State of Missouri, 26 Jan. 1843, 258–259; History of Boone County, Missouri, 885; Waller, History of Randolph County Missouri, 387.)
Journal, of the Senate, of the State of Missouri, at the First Session of the Tenth General Assembly, Begun and Held at the City of Jefferson, On Monday, the Nineteenth Day of November, in the Year of Our Lord, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Thirty-Eight. Jefferson City, MO: Calvin Gunn, 1839.
History of Boone County, Missouri. Written and Compiled From the Most Authentic Official and Private Sources. . . . St. Louis: Western Historical Co., 1882.
Waller, Alexander H. History of Randolph County, Missouri. Topeka, KS: Historical Publishing Company, 1920.
-
6
The expression was “Sabine slope” not “Saline slope.” According to a nineteenth-century dictionary of American expressions, one meaning of the word slope was “to run away.” Contemporary uses of “Sabine slope” suggest that the expression was used to describe the action of absconding from moral or financial obligations. Despite the suspicion the New-York Tribune expressed, there is no evidence that the paymaster, Major Horner, engaged in any financial improprieties. (“Slope,” in Bartlett, Dictionary of Americanisms, 310; “Commercial and Money Matters,” New-York Daily Tribune [New York City], 21 Oct. 1842, [3]; “Daniel Webster,” Weekly Globe [Washington DC], 1 Oct. 1842, 681; “Rail Road Management—the Bank Clique—Anecdote of a Financial Operation,” New York Herald [New York City], 19 Jan. 1842, [2].)
Bartlett, John Russell. Dictionary of Americanisms: A Glossary of Words and Phrases, Usually Regarded as Peculiar to the United States. New York: Bartlett and Welford, 1848.
New-York Daily Tribune. New York City. 1841–1924.
Weekly Globe. Washington DC. 1830–1843.
New York Herald. New York City. 1835–1924.
-
7
In the years after the forced expulsion of the Latter-day Saints from Missouri, church leaders variously estimated the number of members who had lived in the state; the number was likely between eight thousand and ten thousand. (Letter to Isaac Galland, 22 Mar. 1839; Memorial to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, ca. 30 Oct. 1839–27 Jan. 1840; Council of Fifty, “Record,” 4 Mar. 1845; Leonard, Nauvoo, 31, 671n33; LeSueur, 1838 Mormon War in Missouri, 35–36.)
Leonard, Glen M. Nauvoo: A Place of Peace, a People of Promise. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book; Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 2002.
LeSueur, Stephen C. The 1838 Mormon War in Missouri. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1987.
-
8
This is likely a reference to the murder of Sardius Smith by vigilantes near the Hawn’s Mill settlement in Caldwell County, Missouri, on 3 October 1838. According to a firsthand account of the massacre written by Latter-day Saint Joseph Young, one of the attackers killed nine-year-old Sardius with a close-range rifle shot to the head. (Greene, Facts relative to the Expulsion, 23.)
Greene, John P. Facts Relative to the Expulsion of the Mormons or Latter Day Saints, from the State of Missouri, under the “Exterminating Order.” By John P. Greene, an Authorized Representative of the Mormons. Cincinnati: R. P. Brooks, 1839.
-
9
This is likely a reference to the murder of Thomas McBride at the Hawn’s Mill settlement in 1838. One survivor, Amanda Barnes Smith, described McBride as an “old white headed Revalutioner [Revolutioner],” though he was born in 1776. Another survivor later related how vigilantes shot McBride with a gun and mutilated him with a corn cutter. (Baugh, “Rare Account of the Haun’s Mill Massacre,” 166; Amanda Barnes Smith, Statement, 18 Apr. 1839, Historian’s Office, JS History Documents, ca. 1839–1860, CHL.)
Baugh, Alexander L. “A Rare Account of the Haun’s Mill Massacre: The Reminiscence of Willard Gilbert Smith.” Mormon Historical Studies 8 (2007): 165–171.
Historian’s Office. Joseph Smith History Documents, 1839–1860. CHL. CR 100 396.
-
10
A few survivors reported that after the attack at Hawn’s Mill, vigilantes looted houses, wagons, and tents, stealing clothing from both the deceased and survivors. (Greene, Facts relative to the Expulsion, 24; Amanda Barnes Smith, Statement, 18 Apr. 1839, Historian’s Office, JS History Documents, ca. 1839–1860, CHL.)
Greene, John P. Facts Relative to the Expulsion of the Mormons or Latter Day Saints, from the State of Missouri, under the “Exterminating Order.” By John P. Greene, an Authorized Representative of the Mormons. Cincinnati: R. P. Brooks, 1839.
Historian’s Office. Joseph Smith History Documents, 1839–1860. CHL. CR 100 396.
-
11
In an 1839 petition to the Missouri legislature, church members asserted that after they had surrendered to militiamen in Far West, Missouri, the soldiers proceeded to plunder and burn building materials and steal or kill cattle, sheep, and hogs. (Greene, Facts relative to the Expulsion, 13–14.)
Greene, John P. Facts Relative to the Expulsion of the Mormons or Latter Day Saints, from the State of Missouri, under the “Exterminating Order.” By John P. Greene, an Authorized Representative of the Mormons. Cincinnati: R. P. Brooks, 1839.
-
12
The Latter-day Saints were forced to leave the state during the winter. (Hartley, “Almost Too Intolerable a Burthen,” 6–40.)
Hartley, William G. “‘Almost Too Intolerable a Burthen’: The Winter Exodus from Missouri, 1838–39.” Journal of Mormon History 18 (Fall 1992): 6–40.
-
13
Over six thousand militiamen were deployed during the 1838 Mormon War. In February of the following year, the Missouri legislature began the process of appropriating as much as $200,000 for “paying the expenses of the troops called out to drive the mormons from the State.” (Gentry and Compton, Fire and Sword, 496; An Act to Authorise the Procurement of a Loan of Money to the State of Missouri, for the Purpose of Paying the Volunteers and Militia That Have Been Engaged in the Service of the State, and for Other Purposes [9 Feb. 1839], Laws of the State of Missouri [1838–1839], pp. 79–80, sec. 1; John Smith, St. Louis, to Lilburn W. Boggs, Jefferson City, MO, 4 Mar. 1839, in Journal of the House of Representatives, of the State of Missouri, 610–611; Pratt, History of the Late Persecution, 70, emphasis in original.)
Gentry, Leland Homer, and Todd M. Compton. Fire and Sword: A History of the Latter-day Saints in Northern Missouri, 1836–39. Salt Lake City: Greg Kofford Books, 2011.
Laws of the State of Missouri, Passed at the First Session of the Tenth General Assembly, Begun and Held at the City of Jefferson, on Monday, the Nineteenth Day of November, in the Year of Our Lord, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Thirty-Eight. Jefferson, MO: Calvin Gunn, 1838.
Journal, of the House of Representatives, of the State of Missouri, at the First Session of the Tenth General Assembly, Begun and Held at the City of Jefferson, on Monday, the Nineteenth Day of November, in the Year of Our Lord, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Thirty-Eight. Jefferson City, MO: Calvin Gunn, 1839.
-
14
See Psalm 137:1–2.
-
15
In a memorial submitted to the United States Senate in January 1840, church leaders estimated losses of nearly two million dollars from stealing and vandalism committed by vigilantes and militiamen in Missouri. A circa 1843 register of affidavits, created by Thomas Bullock and containing bills of damages related to the loss of property in Missouri, estimated the figure to be $1,381,084.51½ (though Bullock’s register apparently omitted several affidavits). (Memorial to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, ca. 30 Oct. 1839–27 Jan. 1840; Thomas Bullock, “Bills,” in Mormon Redress Petitions, 1839–1845, CHL.)
Mormon Redress Petitions, 1839–1845. CHL. MS 2703.
-
16
Following the expulsion of church members from Daviess and Caldwell counties, many refugees lacked adequate food, clothing, and shelter. On 11 December 1838 Missouri governor Lilburn W. Boggs signed a bill that appropriated $2,000 “for the relief of sundry persons in Caldwell and Daviess counties.” (An Act for the Relief of Sundry Persons in Caldwell and Daviess Counties [11 Dec. 1838], Laws of the State of Missouri [1838], pp. 314–315.)
Laws of the State of Missouri, Passed at the First Session of the Tenth General Assembly, Begun and Held at the City of Jefferson, on Monday, the Nineteenth Day of November, in the Year of Our Lord, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Thirty-Eight. Jefferson, MO: Calvin Gunn, 1838.
-
17
Among those appointed to distribute necessities to the destitute were Henry McHenry and Elisha Cameron, the two men most often identified by name in Latter-day Saint accounts of these events. (“Theodore Turley’s Memorandums,” ca. 1845, [3], Historian’s Office, JS History Documents, ca. 1839–1860, CHL; History of Caldwell and Livingston Counties, Missouri, 143.)
Historian’s Office. Joseph Smith History Documents, 1839–1860. CHL. CR 100 396.
History of Caldwell and Livingston Counties, Missouri, Written and Compiled from the Most Authentic Official and Private Sources. . . . St. Louis: National Historical Co., 1886.
-
18
In a circa 1845 memorandum, Theodore Turley recalled that Elisha Cameron drove pigs owned by the Daviess County Saints down into Caldwell County; there they were slaughtered (though not properly bled per tradition) and sold by Henry McHenry to destitute members of the church for four to five cents per pound. (“Theodore Turley’s Memorandums,” ca. 1845, [3], Historian’s Office, JS History Documents, ca. 1839–1860, CHL.)
Historian’s Office. Joseph Smith History Documents, 1839–1860. CHL. CR 100 396.
-
19
See Proverbs 12:10.
-
20
Lorenzo Snow, London, England, to Parley P. Pratt, Manchester, England, 28 Oct. 1841, in Millennial Star, Nov. 1841, 2:109–110; Woodruff, Journal, 25 Dec. 1840 and 15 Jan. 1841.
Latter-day Saints’ Millennial Star. Manchester, England, 1840–1842; Liverpool, 1842–1932; London, 1932–1970.
Woodruff, Wilford. Journals, 1833–1898. Wilford Woodruff, Journals and Papers, 1828–1898. CHL. MS 1352.
-
21
1841 England Census, Middlesex Co., Hundred of Ossulstone [Finsbury Division], St. Luke’s Parish, Liberty of City Road East, Enumeration District 14, Ironmonger Row, Piece 666, bk. 6, p. 12; Lorenzo Snow, London, England, to Heber C. Kimball, 22 Oct. 1841, in Snow, Letterbook, [88]; Lorenzo Snow, London, England, to Parley P. Pratt, Manchester, England, 28 Oct. 1841, in Millennial Star, Nov. 1841, 2:109–110. St. Luke’s was a suburban parish of London, located in Finsbury Division, Ossulstone Hundred, Middlesex County, England. (Lewis, Topographical Dictionary of England, 3:171.)
Great Britain. Public Record Office. Census Returns of England and Wales. Microfilm. FHL.
Snow, Lorenzo. Letterbook, ca. 1839–1846. CHL.
Latter-day Saints’ Millennial Star. Manchester, England, 1840–1842; Liverpool, 1842–1932; London, 1932–1970.
Lewis, Samuel. A Topographical Dictionary of England: Comprising the Several Counties, Cities, Boroughs, Corporate, and Market Towns, Parishes, and Townships. . . . 5th ed. 4 vols. London: S. Lewis and Co., 1842.
-
22
Lorenzo Snow, London, England, to Parley P. Pratt, Manchester, England, 28 Oct. 1841, in Millennial Star, Nov. 1841, 2:109–110; Lorenzo Snow, London, England, to Wilford Woodruff, 27 Oct. 1841, in Snow, Letterbook, [117]. This same assumption was repeated in at least one other English newspaper and two medical journals. (“Coroners’ Inquests,” Times [London], 4 Nov. 1841, 6; “Effects of Prayer and Cayenne Pepper on Inflammation of the Bowels,” 141–142; “Fanaticism versus the Profession,” Medical Times, 13 Nov. 1841, 80.)
Latter-day Saints’ Millennial Star. Manchester, England, 1840–1842; Liverpool, 1842–1932; London, 1932–1970.
Snow, Lorenzo. Letterbook, ca. 1839–1846. CHL.
Times. London. 1785–.
“Effects of Prayer and Cayenne Pepper on Inflammation of the Bowels.” Provincial Medical and Surgical Journal 3, no. 7 (13 Nov. 1841): 141–142.
Medical Times. London. 1839–1853.
-
23
Religious healing rituals included anointing with oil and blessing by the laying on of hands as well as baptism for healing. For contemporary accounts of these healing rituals, see, for example, Revelation, 9 Feb. 1831 [D&C 42:44]; Minutes, 8 Sept. 1834; McLellin, Journal, 1 May 1836; Woodruff, Journal, 22 July 1839, 15 May 1842; and “Conference Minutes,” Times and Seasons, 15 Apr. 1842, 3:763.
McLellin, William E. Journal, Apr.–June 1836. William E. McLellin, Papers, 1831–1836, 1877–1878. CHL. MS 13538, box 1, fd. 6. Also available as Jan Shipps and John W. Welch, eds., The Journals of William E. McLellin, 1831–1836 (Provo, UT: BYU Studies; Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994).
Woodruff, Wilford. Journals, 1833–1898. Wilford Woodruff, Journals and Papers, 1828–1898. CHL. MS 1352.
-
24
Bush, “Mormon Tradition,” 397–420; Divett, “Medicine and the Mormons,” 19–23.
Bush, Lester E. “The Mormon Tradition.” In Caring and Curing: Health and Medicine in the Western Religious Traditions, edited by Ronald L. Numbers and Darrel W. Amundsen, 397–420. New York: Macmillan, 1986.
Divett, Robert T. “Medicine and the Mormons: A Historical Perspective.” Dialogue 12, no. 3 (Fall 1979): 16–25.
-
25
Rothstein, American Physicians in the Nineteenth Century, 34–36, 85–87; Rosenberg, Care of Strangers, 18–20.
Rothstein, William G. American Physicians in the Nineteenth Century: From Sects to Science. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972.
Rosenberg, Charles E. The Care of Strangers: The Rise of America’s Hospital System. New York: Basic Books, 1987.
-
26
This period predated the acceptance of germ theory (or the belief that infectious disease was caused by the presence and spread of microscopic organisms) as well as related advances in bacteriology, immunization, and sterilization. (See Waller, Discovery of the Germ, chaps. 6–7; and Rothstein, American Physicians in the Nineteenth Century, 26–27, 45–52.)
Waller, John. The Discovery of the Germ: Twenty Years That Transformed the Way We Think about Disease. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002.
Rothstein, William G. American Physicians in the Nineteenth Century: From Sects to Science. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972.
-
27
Refuting heroic medical practices such as calomel purging, Thomson noted, “Much of what is at this day called medicine, is deadly poison, and were people to know what is offered them of this kind they would absolutely refuse ever to receive it as a medicine.” (Thomson, New Guide to Health, 184, 202–203.)
Thomson, Samuel. New Guide to Health; or, Botanic Family Physician. Containing a Complete System of Practice . . . to Which Is Prefixed a Narrative of the Life and Medical Discoveries of the Author. Boston: By the author, 1822.
-
28
Haller, People’s Doctors, 83, 239–240; Bush, “Mormon Tradition,” 397–420; Divett, “Medicine and the Mormons,” 19–20.
Haller, John S., Jr. The People’s Doctors: Samuel Thomson and the American Botanical Movement, 1790–1860. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2000.
Bush, Lester E. “The Mormon Tradition.” In Caring and Curing: Health and Medicine in the Western Religious Traditions, edited by Ronald L. Numbers and Darrel W. Amundsen, 397–420. New York: Macmillan, 1986.
Divett, Robert T. “Medicine and the Mormons: A Historical Perspective.” Dialogue 12, no. 3 (Fall 1979): 16–25.
-
29
The original London Dispatch article has not been located; an article printed in the 4 November 1841 issue of the London Times used similar language in describing the events. (“Coroners’ Inquests,” Times [London], 4 Nov. 1841, 6.)
Times. London. 1785–.
-
30
Islington was a suburban parish of London, located in Finsbury Division, Ossulstone Hundred, Middlesex County, England. (Lewis, Topographical Dictionary of England, 2:569.)
Lewis, Samuel. A Topographical Dictionary of England: Comprising the Several Counties, Cities, Boroughs, Corporate, and Market Towns, Parishes, and Townships. . . . 5th ed. 4 vols. London: S. Lewis and Co., 1842.
-
31
See James 5:14.
-
32
Believing that cold caused illness, and that treatment producing heat would aid in recovery, practitioners of the Thomsonian method often used plants such as cayenne pepper in their medicinal recipes. In Thomsonian Materia Medica, Samuel Thomson wrote, “As a medicine, it [cayenne] is useful in cases of enfeebled and languid stomach, and is prescribed with happy effects in most of the chronic diseases of our country.” (Thomson, Thomsonian Materia Medica, 506, 591.)
Thomson, Samuel. The Thomsonian Materia Medica; or, Botanic Family Physician: Comprising a Philosophical Theory, the Natural Organization and Assumed Principles of Animal and Vegetable Life: To Which Are Added the Description of Plants and Their Various Compounds: Together with Practical Illustrations, Including Much Other Useful Matter. 12th ed. Albany: J. Munsell, 1841.
-
33
See “Coroners’ Inquests,” Times (London), 4 Nov. 1841, 6; “Effects of Prayer and Cayenne Pepper on Inflammation of the Bowels,” Provincial Medical and Surgical Journal, 13 Nov. 1841, 141–142; “Fanaticism versus the Profession,” Medical Times, 13 Nov. 1841, 80.
Times. London. 1785–.
“Effects of Prayer and Cayenne Pepper on Inflammation of the Bowels.” Provincial Medical and Surgical Journal 3, no. 7 (13 Nov. 1841): 141–142.
Medical Times. London. 1839–1853.
-
34
It appears that some of Morgan’s caretakers were tried for negligence in her death but were eventually acquitted. In an 11 November 1841 letter, Lorenzo Snow informed his parents that “a Coronor’s Inquest was held over her [Morgan’s] body They were very anxious to bring in a verdict of ‘manslaughter’ but finely concluded the evidence was not hardly strong enough so we escaped Newgate [Prison] this time.” (Lorenzo Snow, London, England, to Oliver and Rosetta Snow, 11 Nov. 1841, in Lorenzo Snow, Journal, [122]–[123], underlining in original.)
Snow, Lorenzo. Journals, 1836–1845, 1872. CHL. MS 1330.
-
35
Variously translated as “Oh the times! Oh the customs!” or “Shame on the age and on its principles!,” this Latin phrase was famously used in a speech by Roman orator and lawyer Cicero in 63 BC. (Yonge, Orations of Cicero against Catiline, 280.)
Yonge, C. D., trans. The Orations of Cicero against Catiline. London: G. Bell and Sons, 1919.
-
36
A revelation published in the 1835 edition of the Doctrine and Covenants indicated that the ancient prophets Peter, James, and John ordained and confirmed JS and Oliver Cowdery as “apostles and especial witnesses” and committed to them the “keys of my [the Lord’s] kingdom.” (Revelation, ca. Aug. 1835 [D&C 27:12–13].)
-
37
Lorenzo Snow, who was living with the Morgans at the time of Elizabeth’s death, indicated that she “continually expressed a wish that no doctor should administer her medicines; and particularly requested that no one should cast any reflections upon her dear husband and children because no doctor had been employed, for she wanted no physician but the Lord.” (Lorenzo Snow, London, England, to Parley P. Pratt, Manchester, England, 28 Oct. 1841, in Millennial Star, Nov. 1841, 2:109, italics in original.)
Latter-day Saints’ Millennial Star. Manchester, England, 1840–1842; Liverpool, 1842–1932; London, 1932–1970.
-
38
This refers to the Schwarzenau Brethren, which was a Christian denomination founded by religious refugees in Schwarzenau, in what is now Germany, in 1708. Members of the Brethren migrated to the United States in 1719 and organized a congregation near Germantown, Pennsylvania, in 1723. In America they were often referred to as “German Baptists,” “Dunkers,” or “Dunkards,” in reference to their belief in threefold baptism. (Durnbaugh, Fruit of the Vine, 25–29, 74–77, 118, 173–174.)
Durnbaugh, Donald F. Fruit of the Vine: A History of the Brethren, 1708–1995. Elgin, IL: Brethren Press, 1997.
-
39
A reference to the followers of Joanna Southcott, who were often referred to as “Southcottians.” While working as a domestic servant in Exeter, England, in the early 1790s, Southcott began to have visions of the end of the world and Christ’s second coming. She recorded her prophecies, hundreds of which were later published, and by the mid-1810s had gained at least twelve thousand followers in England. (Southcott, Strange Effects of Faith, 5; Hopkins, Woman to Deliver Her People, xvii–xviii, 76–79, 83–84; Lockley, Visionary Religion and Radicalism in Early Industrial England, 3–4.)
Southcott, Joanna. The Strange Effects of Faith; With Remarkable Prophecies (Made in 1792, &c.) of Things Which Are to Come: Also Some Account of My Life. Exeter, England: By the author; T. Brice, no date.
Hopkins, James K. A Woman to Deliver Her People: Joanna Southcott and English Millenar- ianism in an Era of Revolution. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1982.
Lockley, Philip. Visionary Religion and Radicalism in Early Industrial England: From Southcott to Socialism. Oxford Theological Monographs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
-
40
A reference to the followers of Jemima Wilkinson, a preacher who established a religious society referred to as the Society of Universal Friends in the late 1700s. (See Moyer, Public Universal Friend, 2–3.)
Moyer, Paul B. The Public Universal Friend: Jemima Wilkinson and Religious Enthusiasm in Revolutionary America. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2015.
-
41
JS, Journal, 5 Jan. 1842; Letter to Edward Hunter, 5 Jan. 1842; Agreement with Ebenezer Robinson, 4 Feb. 1842.