Footnotes

1. [1]

   JS, Journal, 27 Oct. 1835.

2. [2]

   Frederick G. Williams was considered a “botanic physician” and subscribed to the alternative medical philosophy and practices of Dr. Samuel Thomson, leader of the American botanical medical movement. Botanic or Thomsonian physicians used herbal remedies and heat treatments for healing patients, in contrast to the bloodletting, calomel purges, and other harsh methods employed by academically trained doctors. (Oliver Cowdery, Kirtland, OH, to Sampson Avard, 15 Dec. 1835, in Cowdery Letterbook, 67; Advertisement, Northern Times, 2 Oct. 1835, [3]; Haller, People’s Doctors, 40; Whorton, Nature Cures, 28–31; Weinstock, “Samuel Thomson’s Botanic System,” 5–20.)

   Cowdery, Oliver. Letterbook, 1833–1838. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.

   Northern Times. Kirtland, OH. 1835–[1836?].

   Haller, John S., Jr. The People’s Doctors: Samuel Thomson and the American Botanical Movement, 1790–1860. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2000.

   Whorton, James C. Nature Cures: The History of Alternative Medicine in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.

   Weinstock, Joanna Smith. “Samuel Thomson’s Botanic System: Alternative Medicine in Early Nineteenth Century Vermont.” Vermont History 56, no. 1 (Winter 1988): 5–22.

3. [3]

   JS, Journal, 27 Oct. 1835.