Footnotes

1. [1]

   Accounts of Meeting and Discourse, 5 Jan. 1841.

2. [2]

   See Stevens, “Science, Culture, and Morality,” 69–83; Bode, American Lyceum, chaps. 1–2, 7; and McClure et al., Education for Work, 18; see also JS, Journal, 18 Nov. 1835.

   Stevens, Edward W., Jr. “Science, Culture, and Morality: Educating Adults in the Early Nineteenth Century.” In “. . . Schools and the Means of Education Shall Forever Be Encouraged”: A History of Education in the Old Northwest, 1787–1880, edited by Paul H. Mattingly and Edward W. Stevens Jr., 68–83. Athens: Ohio University Libraries, 1987.

   Bode, Carl. The American Lyceum: Town Meeting of the Mind. New York: Oxford University Press, 1956.

   McClure, Arthur F., James Riley Chrisman, and Perry Mock. Education for Work: The Historical Evolution of Vocational and Distributive Education in America. Rutherford, NJ: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1985.

3. [3]

   Though he did not join the lyceum until the following year, Wandle Mace left perhaps the most extensive account of the lyceum and of JS’s involvement with it. Mace observed that the lyceum was designed to educate members and help them improve their public speaking abilities. He explained that the Nauvoo lyceum “was composed of eighteen members, each presided over the meeting in turn, this gave all the members a like experience in conducting, a meeting.” Mace further noted: “There was no jarring, contention, or discord and all were entertained, instructed and edified. The Prophet Joseph, encouraged us by his presence whenever practicable, giving instruction and assistance. ‘Get into your Lyceums’—he would say to all the brethren—‘Get into your Lyceums and investigate doctrine, if you run against a snag, I am here, I’ll help you off.’” (Mace, Autobiography, 69–70.)

   Mace, Wandle. Autobiography, ca. 1890. CHL. MS 1924.

4. [4]

   For instance, in December 1841 Gustavus Hills organized a musical lyceum through the University of Nauvoo with the intent to meet weekly for the purpose of “our own improvement in the art of Music, and with a view to extend and elevate musical science.” (“University of Nauvoo,” Times and Seasons, 15 Jan. 1842, 3:666.)

   Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.

5. [5]

   Accounts of Meeting and Discourse, 5 Jan. 1841.

6. [6]

   See Historical Introduction to Accounts of Meeting and Discourse, 5 Jan. 1841.

7. [7]

   See Account of Meeting, 12 Jan. 1841; Account of Meeting, ca. 19 Jan. 1841; and McIntire, Notebook, [8].

   McIntire, William Patterson. Notebook, 1840–1845. CHL. MS 1014.

8. [8]

   Revelation, 19 Jan. 1841 [D&C 124:22, 29–32].

9. [9]

   McIntire, Notebook, [9].

   McIntire, William Patterson. Notebook, 1840–1845. CHL. MS 1014.