Footnotes

1. [1]

   Little is known about Woodward. He was practicing phrenology in Philadelphia as early as 1836. An 1839 directory of Philadelphia residents simply lists him as a phrenologist. (Advertisement, National Enquirer, and Constitutional Advocate of Universal Liberty [Philadelphia], 31 Dec. 1836, 67; A. M’Elroy’s Philadelphia Directory for 1839, 281.)

   National Enquirer, and Constitutional Advocate of Universal Liberty. Philadelphia. 1836–1838.

   A. M’Elroy’s Philadelphia Directory, for 1839: Containing the Names of the Inhabitants, Their Occupations, Places of Business, and Dwelling-Houses; Also a List of the Streets, Lanes, Alleys, &c.; the City Officers, Public Institutions, and Banks, besides Other Useful Information. Philadelphia: By the author, 1839.

2. [2]

   Butcher, “Clinical Personality Assessment,” 6.

   Butcher, James N. “Clinical Personality Assessment: History, Evolution, Contemporary Models, and Practical Applications.” In Oxford Handbook of Personality Assessment, edited by James N. Butcher, 5–21. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.

3. [3]

   John C. Warren, Charles Caldwell, and Johan Spurzheim were the most prominent promoters of phrenology in the United States during the 1820s and 1830s, each embarking on extended speaking tours. (Butcher, “Clinical Personality Assessment,” 6; Riegel, “Introduction of Phrenology to the United States,” 73–78; Colbert, Measure of Perfection, 8, 13–14.)

   Butcher, James N. “Clinical Personality Assessment: History, Evolution, Contemporary Models, and Practical Applications.” In Oxford Handbook of Personality Assessment, edited by James N. Butcher, 5–21. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.

   Riegel, Robert E. “The Introduction of Phrenology to the United States.” American Historical Review 39, no. 1 (Oct. 1933): 73–78.

   Colbert, Charles. A Measure of Perfection: Phrenology and the Fine Arts in America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997.

4. [4]

   McLaren, “Phrenology: Medium and Message,” 88. Some phrenologists also touted their practice as an important tool in creating and explaining a taxonomy of human races. (Fowler and Fowler, Phrenology Proved, Illustrated, and Applied, 29–33.)

   McLaren, Angus. “Phrenology: Medium and Message.” Journal of Modern History 46, no. 1 (Mar. 1974): 86–97.

   Fowler, O. S., and L. N. Fowler. Phrenology Proved, Illustrated, and Applied, Accompanied by a Chart; Embracing an Analysis of the Primary, Mental Powers in Their Various Degrees of Development, the Phenomena Produced by Their Combined Activity and the Location of the Phrenological Organs in the Head: Together with a View of the Moral and Theological Bearing of the Science. 9th ed. Philadelphia: O. S. Fowler, 1840.

5. [5]

   Davies, Phrenology Fad and Science, 37–38.

   Davies, John D. Phrenology Fad and Science: A 19th-Century American Crusade. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1955.

6. [6]

   Fowler and Fowler, Phrenology Proved, Illustrated, and Applied, 17.

   Fowler, O. S., and L. N. Fowler. Phrenology Proved, Illustrated, and Applied, Accompanied by a Chart; Embracing an Analysis of the Primary, Mental Powers in Their Various Degrees of Development, the Phenomena Produced by Their Combined Activity and the Location of the Phrenological Organs in the Head: Together with a View of the Moral and Theological Bearing of the Science. 9th ed. Philadelphia: O. S. Fowler, 1840.

7. [7]

   Orson Fowler, the author of this handbook, also helped popularize phrenology in the United States. (See Davies, Phrenology Fad and Science, 37.)

   Davies, John D. Phrenology Fad and Science: A 19th-Century American Crusade. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1955.

8. [8]

   Some phrenologists included an abbreviated key on the printed charts on which they recorded the examinees’ scores. (See, for example, A. Crane, “A Phrenological Chart,” Wasp, 2 July 1842, [2].)

   The Wasp. Nauvoo, IL. Apr. 1842–Apr. 1843.

9. [9]

   John Smith, Journal, 1836–1840, 29 Feb. 1840, [58].

   Smith, John (1781-1854). Journal, 1833–1841. John Smith, Papers, 1833-1854. CHL. MS 1326, box 1.

10. [10]

    “Measurement of Joseph Smiths Head according to Phrenology,” copy; “Chart of Joseph Smith by Dr. Woodward,” copy, JS Collection, CHL.

    Smith, Joseph. Collection, 1827–1846. CHL. MS 155.

11. [11]

    See, for example, JS, Journal, 6 May and 14 Oct. 1843; and Clayton, Journal, 14 Oct. 1843.

    Clayton, William. Journals, 1842–1845. CHL.