Explanation of Facsimile 2, circa 15 March 1842

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Explanation of Facsimile 2, circa 15 March 1842
Source Note

Explanation of Facsimile 2, [
Nauvoo
Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....
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, Hancock Co., IL, ca. 15 Mar. 1842]; handwriting of
Willard Richards
24 June 1804–11 Mar. 1854. Teacher, lecturer, doctor, clerk, printer, editor, postmaster. Born at Hopkinton, Middlesex Co., Massachusetts. Son of Joseph Richards and Rhoda Howe. Moved to Richmond, Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, 1813; to Chatham, Columbia Co...
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; three pages; Book of Abraham Manuscripts, CHL.

A large bifolium leaf that, when folded vertically, makes two leaves, each measuring 7⅞ × 9⅞ inches (20 × 25 cm). The paper is ruled with thirty blue lines, now faded. The document was folded twice horizontally, presumably for storage. No other docketing or markings give clues about the custodial history of the document. Unlike other Egyptian-language and Book of Abraham documents, the pages of this manuscript are not labeled with letters of the alphabet, which indicates that this document was not stored with the related documents that were marked in the late nineteenth or early twentieth century. That this item is not found on the 1956 microfilm roll of the Book of Abraham and Egyptian-language materials held in the Historian’s Office indicates that it was still stored separately at that time.
1
Genealogical Society filming of “Egyptian Alphabet,” 14 Sept. 1956, Egyptian Documents Film, CHL.
Comprehensive Works Cited
Egyptian Documents Film, 14 Sept. 1956. Microfilm. CHL.
The document is present with the other Book of Abraham and Egyptian-language documents in a microfilm made in 1971.
2
Historian’s Office filming of “Book of Abraham Manuscripts,” 15 July 1971, Book of Abraham Manuscripts, CHL.
Book of Abraham Manuscripts, ca. 1835–1838, ca. 1841–1843. CHL.
Footnotes
[1]
Genealogical Society filming of “Egyptian Alphabet,” 14 Sept. 1956, Egyptian Documents Film, CHL.
Egyptian Documents Film, 14 Sept. 1956. Microfilm. CHL.
[2]
Historian’s Office filming of “Book of Abraham Manuscripts,” 15 July 1971, Book of Abraham Manuscripts, CHL.
Book of Abraham Manuscripts, ca. 1835–1838, ca. 1841–1843. CHL.
Historical Introduction
In three issues of the Times and Seasons in early 1842, JS and his associates published facsimiles of two ancient Egyptian vignettes and one hypocephalus—an inscribed papyrus or other object that was traditionally placed beneath the head of a deceased person for burial
1
Rhodes, Joseph Smith Hypocephalus, 1; Ritner, Joseph Smith Egyptian Papyri, 215.
Rhodes, Michael D. The Joseph Smith Hypocephalus . . . Seventeen Years Later. FARMS Preliminary Reports. Provo, UT: Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, 1994.
Ritner, Robert K. The Joseph Smith Egyptian Papyri: A Complete Edition, P. JS 1–4 and the Hypocephalus of Sheshonq. Salt Lake City: Smith-Pettit Foundation, 2011.
—all of which were part of the collection of mummies and papyri purchased by JS and others in 1835. Each facsimile was published with an accompanying “explanation,” which provided interpretations of various figures or hieroglyphs in the vignettes.
2
Book of Abraham and Facsimiles, 1 Mar.–16 May 1842.
Little is known about the origins of the explanations published with the facsimiles. In the explanation featured here, the final line speaks in the editorial “we,” presumably attributing authorship to JS, the editor of the newspaper in which it would be published. The manuscript calls the explanation a “translation,” which reflects JS’s view of its content. The explanations are not, however, scholarly translations or explanations of the ancient Egyptian characters on the vignettes and the hypocephalus.
3
For more on JS’s translating of the Egyptian language, see “Book of Abraham and Related Manuscripts.” For more on the hypocephalus, see Rhodes, Joseph Smith Hypocephalus, 1–12; Ritner, Joseph Smith Egyptian Papyri, 215–226; and Gee, “Towards an Interpretation of Hypocephali,” 330–334.
Gee, John. “Towards an Interpretation of Hypocephali.” In Mélanges offerts à Edith Varga: “Le lotus qui sort de terre,” edited by Hedvig Györy, 325–334. Budapest: Musée Hongrois des Beaux- Arts, 2001.
The following document is a manuscript draft of the published explanation for Facsimile 2, which JS apparently prepared with the assistance of
Willard Richards
24 June 1804–11 Mar. 1854. Teacher, lecturer, doctor, clerk, printer, editor, postmaster. Born at Hopkinton, Middlesex Co., Massachusetts. Son of Joseph Richards and Rhoda Howe. Moved to Richmond, Berkshire Co., Massachusetts, 1813; to Chatham, Columbia Co...
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.

The original hypocephalus on which Facsimile 2 was based is not extant, though an early copy made by JS or one of his clerks indicates that such a document was among the papyri and mummies purchased by JS and others.
4
See Copy of Hypocephalus, between ca. July 1835 and ca. Mar. 1842. Evidence suggests that part of the hypocephalus was damaged—perhaps from the initial acquisition—and when published, the lacunae were filled in with material from other papyri. (See “Facsimile Printing Plates, ca. 23 Feb.–ca. 16 May 1842.”)
No evidence indicates that JS studied any of the hieroglyphs from the hypocephalus in his 1835 effort to understand the Egyptian language. However, the explanation of Facsimile 2 is clearly related to that effort, since some of the entries in this document borrow heavily from the Grammar and Alphabet volume.
5
See Grammar and Alphabet of the Egyptian Language, ca. July–ca. Nov. 1835.
Some definitions and transliterations from the Grammar and Alphabet volume appear in the explanation, though the two manuscripts contain different characters or hieroglyphs. At times the explanation of Facsimile 2 follows the Grammar and Alphabet volume word for word, while at other times it borrows and expands upon concepts from that volume. Some concepts and ideas in the explanation are unique, having no precedent in the surviving manuscripts related to JS’s 1835 study of the Egyptian language or in the surviving manuscripts of the Book of Abraham.

While some of the explanations accompanying Facsimile 2 correspond with those in the Grammar and Alphabet volume, the majority of the entries seem to anticipate future translation efforts. Three entries indicate that the relevant hieroglyphs “ought not to be revealed at the present time,” and one entry states that several other interpretations “will be given in the own due time of the Lord.”
6
The anticipation of future translation has precedent in the Book of Mormon, which mentions that some of the plates were not to be translated until a future time. (Book of Mormon, 1830 ed., 546 [Ether 4:5–6].)
Another entry notes that the writings “cannot now be revealed unto the world; but is to be had in the Holy Temple of God.” Several weeks after the publication of Facsimile 2 and its accompanying explanation, JS introduced the
endowment
Bestowal of spiritual blessings, power, or knowledge. Beginning in 1831, multiple revelations promised an endowment of “power from on high” in association with the command to gather. Some believed this promise was fulfilled when individuals were first ordained...
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ceremony that was meant to take place inside the
temple
Located in portion of Nauvoo known as the bluff. JS revelation dated Jan. 1841 commanded Saints to build temple and hotel (Nauvoo House). Cornerstone laid, 6 Apr. 1841. Saints volunteered labor, money, and other resources for temple construction. Construction...
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in
Nauvoo
Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....
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, Illinois, which was then being constructed.
7
JS, Journal, 4 May 1842.
This entry likely meant that concepts would be incorporated into the temple ceremony. It may also have referred to a plan to display the Egyptian artifacts in the temple. In 1840, an anonymous writer for the Alexandria (Virginia) Gazette reported being shown the mummies and papyri by JS in Nauvoo. The writer advised JS to “have these ancient manuscripts handsomely set, in appropriating frames, and hung up around the walls of the temple which you are about to erect in this place.” JS reportedly agreed and added that in addition to the papyri, “the translation” should be “hung up with them.”
8
“A Glance at the Mormons,” Alexandria (VA) Gazette, 11 July 1840, [2], italics in original; see also “Egyptian Papyri, ca. 300–100 bc.” There is no evidence that the papyri or the translation were displayed in the temple following its partial completion in December 1845, more than a year after JS was murdered.
Alexandria Gazette. Alexandria, VA. 1834–1877.

See also Introduction to Book of Abraham Manuscripts, circa February–circa 15 March 1842.
Footnotes
[1]
Rhodes, Joseph Smith Hypocephalus, 1; Ritner, Joseph Smith Egyptian Papyri, 215.
[2]
Book of Abraham and Facsimiles, 1 Mar.–16 May 1842.
[3]
For more on JS’s translating of the Egyptian language, see “Book of Abraham and Related Manuscripts.” For more on the hypocephalus, see Rhodes, Joseph Smith Hypocephalus, 1–12; Ritner, Joseph Smith Egyptian Papyri, 215–226; and Gee, “Towards an Interpretation of Hypocephali,” 330–334.
Gee, John. “Towards an Interpretation of Hypocephali.” In Mélanges offerts à Edith Varga: “Le lotus qui sort de terre,” edited by Hedvig Györy, 325–334. Budapest: Musée Hongrois des Beaux- Arts, 2001.
[4]
See Copy of Hypocephalus, between ca. July 1835 and ca. Mar. 1842. Evidence suggests that part of the hypocephalus was damaged—perhaps from the initial acquisition—and when published, the lacunae were filled in with material from other papyri. (See “Facsimile Printing Plates, ca. 23 Feb.–ca. 16 May 1842.”)
[5]
See Grammar and Alphabet of the Egyptian Language, ca. July–ca. Nov. 1835.
[6]
The anticipation of future translation has precedent in the Book of Mormon, which mentions that some of the plates were not to be translated until a future time. (Book of Mormon, 1830 ed., 546 [Ether 4:5–6].)
[7]
JS, Journal, 4 May 1842.
[8]
“A Glance at the Mormons,” Alexandria (VA) Gazette, 11 July 1840, [2], italics in original; see also “Egyptian Papyri, ca. 300–100 bc.” There is no evidence that the papyri or the translation were displayed in the temple following its partial completion in December 1845, more than a year after JS was murdered.
Alexandria Gazette. Alexandria, VA. 1834–1877.
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No. 1.
1
TEXT: This entry comes almost word for word from the entry for character 2.42 in the fifth degree of the second part of the Grammar and Alphabet volume. Significant differences are noted.
Kolob, signifying
2
TEXT: The Grammar and Alphabet volume has “signifies”.
the first creation, nearest
3
TEXT: The Grammar and Alphabet volume has “nearer”.
to the

" 2. celestial, or the residence of God.
4
TEXT: The Grammar and Alphabet volume has “Lord,”.
First in government, the last pertaining to the measureme[n]t of time. The measurement acording to celestial time; which, celestial time, signifies
5
TEXT: The Grammar and Alphabet volume has “which signifies”.
one day to a cubit. One day, in Kolob, is equal
6
TEXT: The Grammar and Alphabet volume has “one day to a cubit which day is equal”.
to a thousand years, according to the measuremet of this earth, which is called by the Egyptians Jah-oh-eh.
7
TEXT: The Grammar and Alphabet volume has “measurement of this Eearth or Jah=oh=eh”.

No. 2.
8
TEXT: This entry is loosely based upon the entry for character 2.37 in the fifth degree of the second part in the Grammar and Alphabet volume. Entry 3 appears to expand on some of the ideas from the entry in the Grammar and Alphabet volume as well.
Stands next to Kolob, called by the Egyptians Oliblish, which is the next grand governing creation, nearer to the celestial or the place where God resides, holding the key of power also, pertaining to other planets; as revealed to from God from to <to> Abraham, as he offered incence Sacrifice upon an alter, which he had. built unto the Lord.

No. 3. Is made to represent God, sitting upon his throne, clothed with power & authority. with a crown of Eternal light upon his head; representing, also, the grand Key words of the Holy Priesthood, as revealed to adam in the Garden of Eden, as also to seth, Noah, Melchisedek Abraham & all to whom the priesthood was revealed.

N. 4. answers to the hebrew work raukeeyang,
9
TEXT: “Raukeeyang” is a Sephardic transliteration of the Hebrew word for “firmament.” For a history of JS’s usage of this term, see Grey, “Joseph Smith’s Use of Hebrew in the Book of Abraham,” 30–34.
Grey, Matthew J. “Joseph Smith’s Use of Hebrew in the Book of Abraham.” Unpublished paper. Copy in editors’ possession.
signifying expanse, or the firmament of the heavens: also, a numerical figure, in Egyptian, signifying 1000:

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Footnotes
[1]
TEXT: This entry comes almost word for word from the entry for character 2.42 in the fifth degree of the second part of the Grammar and Alphabet volume. Significant differences are noted.
[2]
TEXT: The Grammar and Alphabet volume has “signifies”.
[3]
TEXT: The Grammar and Alphabet volume has “nearer”.
[4]
TEXT: The Grammar and Alphabet volume has “Lord,”.
[5]
TEXT: The Grammar and Alphabet volume has “which signifies”.
[6]
TEXT: The Grammar and Alphabet volume has “one day to a cubit which day is equal”.
[7]
TEXT: The Grammar and Alphabet volume has “measurement of this Eearth or Jah=oh=eh”.
[8]
TEXT: This entry is loosely based upon the entry for character 2.37 in the fifth degree of the second part in the Grammar and Alphabet volume. Entry 3 appears to expand on some of the ideas from the entry in the Grammar and Alphabet volume as well.
[9]
TEXT: “Raukeeyang” is a Sephardic transliteration of the Hebrew word for “firmament.” For a history of JS’s usage of this term, see Grey, “Joseph Smith’s Use of Hebrew in the Book of Abraham,” 30–34.
Grey, Matthew J. “Joseph Smith’s Use of Hebrew in the Book of Abraham.” Unpublished paper. Copy in editors’ possession.