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  2. Documents, Volume 14, Part 4 Introduction: April 1844

Part 4: April 1844

JS began the busy month of April 1844 by presiding over the
church

The Book of Mormon related that when Christ set up his church in the Americas, “they which were baptized in the name of Jesus, were called the church of Christ.” The first name used to denote the church JS organized on 6 April 1830 was “the Church of Christ...

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’s semiannual
conference

A meeting where ecclesiastical officers and other church members could conduct church business. The “Articles and Covenants” of the church directed the elders to hold conferences to perform “Church business.” The first of these conferences was held on 9 June...

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in
Nauvoo

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

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, Illinois. He also delivered several discourses both to the public and to the
Council of Fifty

An organization intended to establish the political kingdom of God on the earth. An 1842 editorial in the church newspaper stated that the “design of Jehovah” was to “take the reigns of government into his own hand.” On 10 and 11 March 1844, JS and several...

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and corresponded with missionaries and others. Amid this work on behalf of his church and people, tensions continued to grow between JS and a group of prominent dissenters—
Robert D. Foster

14 Mar. 1811–1 Feb. 1878. Justice of the peace, physician, land speculator. Born in Braunston, Northamptonshire, England. Son of John Foster and Jane Knibb. Married Sarah Phinney, 18 July 1837, at Medina Co., Ohio. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of ...

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,
Chauncey L. Higbee

7 Sept. 1821–7 Dec. 1884. Lawyer, banker, politician, judge. Born in Tate Township, Clermont Co., Ohio. Son of Elias Higbee and Sarah Elizabeth Ward. Lived in Fulton, Hamilton Co., Ohio, 1830. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1832...

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,
William Law

8 Sept. 1809–12/19 Jan. 1892. Merchant, millwright, physician. Born in Co. Tyrone, Ireland. Son of Richard Law and Ann Hunter. Immigrated to U.S. and settled in Springfield Township, Mercer Co., Pennsylvania, by 1820. Moved to Delaware Township, Mercer Co...

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,
Wilson Law

26 Feb. 1806–15 Oct. 1876. Merchant, millwright, land speculator, farmer. Born in Ireland. Son of Richard Law and Ann Hunter. Immigrated to U.S. and settled in Springfield Township, Mercer Co., Pennsylvania, by 1820. Moved to Delaware Township, Mercer Co....

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, and
Joseph H. Jackson

?–? Moved to Nauvoo, Hancock Co., Illinois, by fall 1842. Moved to Carthage, Hancock Co., winter 1842–1843. Returned to Nauvoo, spring 1843. Hired to sell land for JS, 20 May 1843. Appointed aide-de-camp to lieutenant general in Nauvoo Legion, by 5 Jan. 1844...

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—resulting in legal battles and excommunications.
From 6 through 8 April 1844, Latter-day Saints gathered by the thousands for a conference in a
grove

Before partial completion of Nauvoo temple, all large meetings were held outdoors in groves located near east and west sides of temple site. Had portable stands for speakers. JS referred to area as “temple stand” due to its location on brow of hill.

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near the under-construction
Nauvoo

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

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temple

Located in portion of Nauvoo known as the bluff. JS revelation dated Jan. 1841 commanded Saints to build temple and hotel (Nauvoo House). Cornerstone laid, 6 Apr. 1841. Saints volunteered labor, money, and other resources for temple construction. Construction...

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. JS spoke repeatedly at this conference. Of particular significance was a funeral sermon for church member
King Follett

24/26 July 1788–9 Mar. 1844. Born at Winchester, Cheshire Co., New Hampshire. Son of John Follett and Hannah Oak (Oake) Alexander. Married Louisa Tanner, by 1815. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, spring 1831. Member of Whitmer branch...

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on 7 April, in which JS spoke at length on the nature of God and humankind.
1

Discourse, 7 Apr. 1844.


In addition to addressing
Nauvoo

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

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’s citizens and visitors on all three days of the conference, JS spoke to the newly organized Council of Fifty at least three times in April.
2

Discourse, 6 Apr. 1844; Discourse, 8 Apr. 1844; Minutes and Discourse, 4 Apr. 1844; Discourse, 11 Apr. 1844–A; Discourse, 11 Apr. 1844–B.


On 25 April, he dictated a revelation to the council, instructing its members that the organization was to serve as a constitution for the political kingdom of God on earth.
3

Revelation, 25 Apr. 1844.


As in prior months, JS continued to receive letters from missionaries providing accounts of their labors. In April
apostles

Members of a governing body in the church, with special administrative and proselytizing responsibilities. A June 1829 revelation commanded Oliver Cowdery and David Whitmer to call twelve disciples, similar to the twelve apostles in the New Testament and ...

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John E. Page

25 Feb. 1799–14 Oct. 1867. Born at Trenton, Oneida Co., New York. Son of Ebenezer Page and Rachel Hill. Married first Betsey Thompson, 1831, in Huron Co., Ohio. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by Emer Harris, 18 Aug. 1833, at Brownhelm...

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and
Parley P. Pratt

12 Apr. 1807–13 May 1857. Farmer, editor, publisher, teacher, school administrator, legislator, explorer, author. Born at Burlington, Otsego Co., New York. Son of Jared Pratt and Charity Dickinson. Traveled west with brother William to acquire land, 1823....

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wrote to JS from
Pittsburgh

Also spelled Pittsbourg, Pittsbourgh, and Pittsburg. Major industrial port city in southwestern Pennsylvania. Near location where Monongahela and Allegheny rivers converge to form Ohio River. French established Fort Du Quesne, 1754. British captured fort,...

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and
Chicago

Settled by Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, 1779. U.S. Fort Dearborn established, 1804. Town organized, 10 Aug. 1832. Incorporated as city, May 1837. Population in 1837 about 4,200; in 1840 about 4,500; and in 1844 about 11,000. Twenty-six members of Church ...

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, respectively, about their efforts and the status of the church in those areas.
4

Letter from John E. Page, 16 Apr. 1844; Letter from Parley P. Pratt, 19 Apr. 1844.


Other correspondence related to JS’s campaign for the presidency of the
United States

North American constitutional republic. Constitution ratified, 17 Sept. 1787. Population in 1805 about 6,000,000; in 1830 about 13,000,000; and in 1844 about 20,000,000. Louisiana Purchase, 1803, doubled size of U.S. Consisted of seventeen states at time ...

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. JS wrote letters to
Illinois

Became part of Northwest Territory of U.S., 1787. Admitted as state, 1818. Population in 1840 about 480,000. Population in 1845 about 660,000. Plentiful, inexpensive land attracted settlers from northern and southern states. Following expulsion from Missouri...

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congressman
John J. Hardin

6 Jan. 1810–23 Feb. 1847. Lawyer, politician, military officer. Born in Frankfort, Franklin Co., Kentucky. Son of Martin D. Hardin and Elizabeth Logan. Moved to Lawrenceburg, Franklin Co., by 1820. Married Sarah E. Smith, 13 Jan. 1831, in Mercer Co., Kentucky...

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and Daily Globe editor
Francis P. Blair

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responding to criticism of JS’s platform that Blair had published in his newspaper.
5

Letter to John J. Hardin, 19 Apr. 1844; Letter to Editor, 15 Apr. 1844.


On 20 April,
John Windt

ca. 1800–1 May 1865. Printer, public reform advocate. Born in New York. Married first Catherine Brill, 24 Sept. 1823, in New York City. Early member of Typographical Association of New York. Active in Working Men’s movement. Established Windt & Conrad, by...

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and six other members of
New York City

Dutch founded New Netherland colony, 1625. Incorporated under British control and renamed New York, 1664. Harbor contributed to economic and population growth of city; became largest city in American colonies. British troops defeated Continental Army under...

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’s National Reform Association wrote to JS as a presidential candidate, asking what his position would be regarding the association’s plan for public land distribution.
6

Letter from Central Committee of the National Reform Association, 20 Apr. 1844.


Toward the end of the month, apostle
Orson Hyde

8 Jan. 1805–28 Nov. 1878. Laborer, clerk, storekeeper, teacher, editor, businessman, lawyer, judge. Born at Oxford, New Haven Co., Connecticut. Son of Nathan Hyde and Sally Thorpe. Moved to Derby, New Haven Co., 1812. Moved to Kirtland, Geauga Co., Ohio, ...

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wrote three letters from
Washington DC

Created as district for seat of U.S. federal government by act of Congress, 1790, and named Washington DC, 1791. Named in honor of George Washington. Headquarters of executive, legislative, and judicial branches of U.S. government relocated to Washington ...

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detailing his efforts on behalf of the Council of Fifty to deliver a memorial to Congress requesting JS’s leadership of a proposed military force to protect settlers of the western part of the continent.
7

Letter from Orson Hyde, 25 Apr. 1844; Letter from Orson Hyde, 26 Apr. 1844; Letter from Orson Hyde, 30 Apr. 1844.


One item among JS’s April correspondence was a letter from
Lucinda Madison Sagers

1819–?. Born in Ohio. Married William Henry Harrison Sagers, 22 Dec. 1834, in Clay Co., Missouri. Moved to Hancock Co., Illinois, by 1840. Submitted charges of teaching polygamy against her husband to First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, ca...

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requesting that church leaders take ecclesiastical action against her husband for preaching plural marriage and abandoning his family.
8

Charges against Harrison Sagers Preferred to the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, ca. 10 Apr. 1844.


Plural marriage and the concept of “spiritual wives” were the catalyst for a legal notice issued to JS by
Nauvoo

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

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resident
Orsamus F. Bostwick

2 Mar. 1801–9 Aug. 1869. Blacksmith. Born in Hinesburg, Chittenden Co., Vermont. Son of Heman Bostwick and Belinda Palmer. Married first Sarah Eddy, 26 Mar. 1820. Moved to Onondaga, Onondaga Co., New York, by 1829. Married second Sarah Bardwell, 26 Mar. 1830...

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in the case Bostwick v. JS and Greene.
9

Notice, 9 Apr. 1844.


Bostwick’s 9 April notice and a 29 April order that JS issued as lieutenant general of the
Nauvoo Legion

A contingent of the Illinois state militia provided for in the Nauvoo city charter. The Nauvoo Legion was organized into two cohorts: one infantry and one cavalry. Each cohort could potentially comprise several thousand men and was overseen by a brigadier...

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to Brigadier General
Charles C. Rich

21 Aug. 1809–17 Nov. 1883. Schoolteacher, farmer, cooper. Born in Campbell Co., Kentucky. Son of Joseph Rich and Nancy O’Neal. Moved to Posey Township, Dearborn Co., Indiana, ca. 1810. Moved to Tazewell Co., Illinois, 1829. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ...

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are the only documents featured in this part that directly relate to the increased tension between JS and some dissenting Nauvoo leaders. JS ordered Rich to take command of the Nauvoo Legion temporarily because of the suspension of Major General
Wilson Law

26 Feb. 1806–15 Oct. 1876. Merchant, millwright, land speculator, farmer. Born in Ireland. Son of Richard Law and Ann Hunter. Immigrated to U.S. and settled in Springfield Township, Mercer Co., Pennsylvania, by 1820. Moved to Delaware Township, Mercer Co....

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.
10

Military Order to Charles C. Rich, 29 Apr. 1844.


Growing animosity between JS and Law had been fueled the previous month when JS heard allegations that Law and his brother—former
First Presidency

The highest presiding body of the church. An 11 November 1831 revelation stated that the president of the high priesthood was to preside over the church. JS was ordained as president of the high priesthood on 25 January 1832. In March 1832, JS appointed two...

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member
William Law

8 Sept. 1809–12/19 Jan. 1892. Merchant, millwright, physician. Born in Co. Tyrone, Ireland. Son of Richard Law and Ann Hunter. Immigrated to U.S. and settled in Springfield Township, Mercer Co., Pennsylvania, by 1820. Moved to Delaware Township, Mercer Co...

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—as well as
Joseph H. Jackson

?–? Moved to Nauvoo, Hancock Co., Illinois, by fall 1842. Moved to Carthage, Hancock Co., winter 1842–1843. Returned to Nauvoo, spring 1843. Hired to sell land for JS, 20 May 1843. Appointed aide-de-camp to lieutenant general in Nauvoo Legion, by 5 Jan. 1844...

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,
Robert D. Foster

14 Mar. 1811–1 Feb. 1878. Justice of the peace, physician, land speculator. Born in Braunston, Northamptonshire, England. Son of John Foster and Jane Knibb. Married Sarah Phinney, 18 July 1837, at Medina Co., Ohio. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of ...

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, and
Chauncey L. Higbee

7 Sept. 1821–7 Dec. 1884. Lawyer, banker, politician, judge. Born in Tate Township, Clermont Co., Ohio. Son of Elias Higbee and Sarah Elizabeth Ward. Lived in Fulton, Hamilton Co., Ohio, 1830. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1832...

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were plotting to kill JS and his family members.
11

JS, Journal, 24 Mar. 1844; see also Discourse, 24 Mar. 1844–A.


The conflict resulted in several legal cases, trials before the Nauvoo Masonic Lodge, and the excommunication of the Law brothers, Foster, and others by the
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles

Members of a governing body in the church, with special administrative and proselytizing responsibilities. A June 1829 revelation commanded Oliver Cowdery and David Whitmer to call twelve disciples, similar to the twelve apostles in the New Testament and ...

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and the Nauvoo
high council

A governing body of twelve high priests. The first high council was organized in Kirtland, Ohio, on 17 February 1834 “for the purpose of settling important difficulties which might arise in the church, which could not be settled by the church, or the bishop...

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.
12

See JS, Journal, 18 and 26–27 Apr. 1844; and Nauvoo Masonic Lodge Minute Book, 2 and 7 May 1844.


Comprehensive Works Cited

Nauvoo Masonic Lodge Minute Book. / “Record of Na[u]voo Lodge Under Dispensation,” 1842–1846. CHL. MS 3436.

Part 4 features twenty-three documents. In addition to those mentioned previously, they include a baptismal certificate that JS signed for
Martha Nelson Goforth

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, a letter from
Almon Babbitt

Oct. 1812–Sept. 1856. Postmaster, editor, attorney. Born at Cheshire, Berkshire Co., Massachusetts. Son of Ira Babbitt and Nancy Crosier. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, ca. 1830. Located in Amherst, Lorain Co., Ohio, July 1831....

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explaining his inability to attend a Council of Fifty meeting, and three documents dealing with land transactions.
13

Baptismal Certificate for Martha Nelson Goforth, 9 Apr. 1844; Letter from Almon Babbitt, 10 Apr. 1844; Deed to Melissa LeBaron Johnson, 4 Apr. 1844; Letter from Clark Leal, 15 Apr. 1844; Letter from William Pratt, 30 Apr. 1844.


  1. 1

    Discourse, 7 Apr. 1844.

  2. 2

    Discourse, 6 Apr. 1844; Discourse, 8 Apr. 1844; Minutes and Discourse, 4 Apr. 1844; Discourse, 11 Apr. 1844–A; Discourse, 11 Apr. 1844–B.

  3. 3

    Revelation, 25 Apr. 1844.

  4. 4

    Letter from John E. Page, 16 Apr. 1844; Letter from Parley P. Pratt, 19 Apr. 1844.

  5. 5

    Letter to John J. Hardin, 19 Apr. 1844; Letter to Editor, 15 Apr. 1844.

  6. 6

    Letter from Central Committee of the National Reform Association, 20 Apr. 1844.

  7. 7

    Letter from Orson Hyde, 25 Apr. 1844; Letter from Orson Hyde, 26 Apr. 1844; Letter from Orson Hyde, 30 Apr. 1844.

  8. 8

    Charges against Harrison Sagers Preferred to the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, ca. 10 Apr. 1844.

  9. 9

    Notice, 9 Apr. 1844.

  10. 10

    Military Order to Charles C. Rich, 29 Apr. 1844.

  11. 11

    JS, Journal, 24 Mar. 1844; see also Discourse, 24 Mar. 1844–A.

  12. 12

    See JS, Journal, 18 and 26–27 Apr. 1844; and Nauvoo Masonic Lodge Minute Book, 2 and 7 May 1844.

    Nauvoo Masonic Lodge Minute Book. / “Record of Na[u]voo Lodge Under Dispensation,” 1842–1846. CHL. MS 3436.

  13. 13

    Baptismal Certificate for Martha Nelson Goforth, 9 Apr. 1844; Letter from Almon Babbitt, 10 Apr. 1844; Deed to Melissa LeBaron Johnson, 4 Apr. 1844; Letter from Clark Leal, 15 Apr. 1844; Letter from William Pratt, 30 Apr. 1844.

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