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  2. Documents, Volume 14, Part 3 Introduction: March 1844

Part 3: March 1844

On several occasions in March 1844, JS confronted challenges to his religious and political authority in
Nauvoo

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

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, Illinois. For example, steamboat captains were refusing to pay city wharfage when using the upper landing in Nauvoo, leading JS, as mayor, to call a city council meeting on 5 March. The council subsequently passed a motion to develop and open a street along the
Mississippi River

Principal U.S. river running southward from Itasca Lake, Minnesota, to Gulf of Mexico. Covered 3,160-mile course, 1839 (now about 2,350 miles). Drains about 1,100,000 square miles. Steamboat travel on Mississippi very important in 1830s and 1840s for shipping...

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to confirm the city’s ownership of the landing.
1

Resolution, 5 Mar. 1844.


In a discourse two days later, JS expressed his intention to sustain the city’s laws. He also complained about lawyers appealing cases to the
county

Formed from Pike Co., 1825. Described in 1837 as predominantly prairie and “deficient in timber.” Early settlers came mainly from mid-Atlantic and southern states. Population in 1835 about 3,200; in 1840 about 9,900; and in 1844 at least 15,000. Carthage ...

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circuit court, certain citizens telling steamboat captains they did not have to pay wharfage, and a letter criticizing JS, which was published in a
New York

Located in northeast region of U.S. Area settled by Dutch traders, 1620s; later governed by Britain, 1664–1776. Admitted to U.S. as state, 1788. Population in 1810 about 1,000,000; in 1820 about 1,400,000; in 1830 about 1,900,000; and in 1840 about 2,400,...

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newspaper, that he accused Nauvoo resident
Charles A. Foster

Sept. 1815–1904. Physician, pharmacist. Born in England, likely in Braunston, Northamptonshire. Son of John Foster and Jane Knibb. Immigrated to U.S., arriving in New York on 27 June 1831. Moved to Hancock Co., Illinois, by Feb. 1843. Publisher of Nauvoo ...

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of writing.
2

Discourse, 7 Mar. 1844–A.


Later in the month, on 24 March, JS spoke twice at a Sunday meeting in
Nauvoo

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

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. During his first address, he exposed a reported plot by
William Law

8 Sept. 1809–12/19 Jan. 1892. Merchant, millwright, physician. Born in Co. Tyrone, Ireland. Son of Richard Law and Ann Hunter. Immigrated to U.S. and settled in Springfield Township, Mercer Co., Pennsylvania, by 1820. Moved to Delaware Township, Mercer Co...

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,
Wilson Law

26 Feb. 1806–15 Oct. 1876. Merchant, millwright, land speculator, farmer. Born in Ireland. Son of Richard Law and Ann Hunter. Immigrated to U.S. and settled in Springfield Township, Mercer Co., Pennsylvania, by 1820. Moved to Delaware Township, Mercer Co....

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,
Robert D. Foster

14 Mar. 1811–1 Feb. 1878. Justice of the peace, physician, land speculator. Born in Braunston, Northamptonshire, England. Son of John Foster and Jane Knibb. Married Sarah Phinney, 18 July 1837, at Medina Co., Ohio. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of ...

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,
Chauncey L. Higbee

7 Sept. 1821–7 Dec. 1884. Lawyer, banker, politician, judge. Born in Tate Township, Clermont Co., Ohio. Son of Elias Higbee and Sarah Elizabeth Ward. Lived in Fulton, Hamilton Co., Ohio, 1830. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1832...

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, and
Joseph H. Jackson

?–? Moved to Nauvoo, Hancock Co., Illinois, by fall 1842. Moved to Carthage, Hancock Co., winter 1842–1843. Returned to Nauvoo, spring 1843. Hired to sell land for JS, 20 May 1843. Appointed aide-de-camp to lieutenant general in Nauvoo Legion, by 5 Jan. 1844...

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to have him and his family murdered.
3

Discourse, 24 Mar. 1844–A.


During his second address, he explained that his religious authority came from the truth of the doctrines he taught rather than by compelling others to follow his teachings.
4

Discourse, 24 Mar. 1844–B.


While facing these tensions in
Nauvoo

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

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, JS sought redress for past wrongs and protection from future ones. He commissioned
William W. Phelps

17 Feb. 1792–7 Mar. 1872. Writer, teacher, printer, newspaper editor, publisher, postmaster, lawyer. Born at Hanover, Morris Co., New Jersey. Son of Enon Phelps and Mehitabel Goldsmith. Moved to Homer, Cortland Co., New York, 1800. Married Sally Waterman,...

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to draft an open letter to the citizens of
Missouri

Area acquired by U.S. in Louisiana Purchase, 1803, and established as territory, 1812. Missouri Compromise, 1820, admitted Missouri as slave state, 1821. Population in 1830 about 140,000; in 1836 about 240,000; and in 1840 about 380,000. Latter-day Saint ...

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, encouraging them to make restitution for the offenses they had committed against the
Latter-day Saints

The Book of Mormon related that when Christ set up his church in the Americas, “they which were baptized in the name of Jesus, were called the church of Christ.” The first name used to denote the church JS organized on 6 April 1830 was “the Church of Christ...

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.
5

Letter to Citizens of Missouri, 8 Mar. 1844.


Nauvoo’s city government also sent a memorial, which was drafted in December 1843, to the
United States

North American constitutional republic. Constitution ratified, 17 Sept. 1787. Population in 1805 about 6,000,000; in 1830 about 13,000,000; and in 1844 about 20,000,000. Louisiana Purchase, 1803, doubled size of U.S. Consisted of seventeen states at time ...

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Congress. The memorial requested the city be granted all the powers and rights belonging to a federal territory of the United States until the state of Missouri provided redress for the Saints’ losses. It also asked that federal troops be made available as necessary to help the
Nauvoo Legion

A contingent of the Illinois state militia provided for in the Nauvoo city charter. The Nauvoo Legion was organized into two cohorts: one infantry and one cavalry. Each cohort could potentially comprise several thousand men and was overseen by a brigadier...

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repel mobs and keep the peace.
6

Memorial to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, ca. 16 Dec. 1843−12 Feb. 1844.


Orson Pratt

19 Sept. 1811–3 Oct. 1881. Farmer, writer, teacher, merchant, surveyor, editor, publisher. Born at Hartford, Washington Co., New York. Son of Jared Pratt and Charity Dickinson. Moved to New Lebanon, Columbia Co., New York, 1814; to Canaan, Columbia Co., fall...

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, a city council member and church
apostle

Members of a governing body in the church, with special administrative and proselytizing responsibilities. A June 1829 revelation commanded Oliver Cowdery and David Whitmer to call twelve disciples, similar to the twelve apostles in the New Testament and ...

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, was charged with delivering this memorial to
Washington DC

Created as district for seat of U.S. federal government by act of Congress, 1790, and named Washington DC, 1791. Named in honor of George Washington. Headquarters of executive, legislative, and judicial branches of U.S. government relocated to Washington ...

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, and on 12 March, JS, as mayor of Nauvoo, provided Pratt with a letter authorizing him to act on behalf of the city.
7

Authorization for Orson Pratt, 12 Mar. 1844.


In March, JS also considered measures relating to the westward expansion of the
United States

North American constitutional republic. Constitution ratified, 17 Sept. 1787. Population in 1805 about 6,000,000; in 1830 about 13,000,000; and in 1844 about 20,000,000. Louisiana Purchase, 1803, doubled size of U.S. Consisted of seventeen states at time ...

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and the potential emigration of some Latter-day Saints to the
Republic of Texas

France established colony in area, 1685. First Spanish settlement created, 1718. After Mexican War of Independence from Spain, 1821, area became part of Mexico and immigration increased. Conflict between Mexican government and Texian residents resulted in...

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. In a 7 March meeting, he spoke to a large group in
Nauvoo

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

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about his presidential candidacy and, among other things, advocated for the annexation of Texas by the
United States

North American constitutional republic. Constitution ratified, 17 Sept. 1787. Population in 1805 about 6,000,000; in 1830 about 13,000,000; and in 1844 about 20,000,000. Louisiana Purchase, 1803, doubled size of U.S. Consisted of seventeen states at time ...

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.
8

Discourse, 7 Mar. 1844–B.


A few days later, on 10 March, JS received two letters from leaders in the church’s lumber camps in
Wisconsin Territory

Area settled by French, before 1700. Became part of U.S. by Treaty of Paris, 1783. Territory officially formed, 1836, with Belmont established as capital. Capital moved to present-day Burlington, Iowa, 1837. Territory initially included all or part of present...

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suggesting that the Saints living there relocate to Texas. To consider this proposition, JS formed a council that evening and the next day oversaw the formal organization of the group, which would soon be known as the
Council of Fifty

An organization intended to establish the political kingdom of God on the earth. An 1842 editorial in the church newspaper stated that the “design of Jehovah” was to “take the reigns of government into his own hand.” On 10 and 11 March 1844, JS and several...

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. The council met various times in March, and on 26 March it approved a memorial that petitioned Congress to make JS a member of the United States Army and authorize him to gather one hundred thousand armed volunteers to protect settlers migrating to lands adjacent to the United States.
9

Letter from Lyman Wight and Others, 15 Feb. 1844–A; Letter from Lyman Wight and Others, 15 Feb. 1844–B; Memorial to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, ca. 24–26 Mar. 1844.


JS also spent time tending to the spiritual needs of the Saints. On 10 March, he delivered a discourse in
Nauvoo

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

More Info
on the spirit of Elias, the spirit of Elijah, and the “spirit of Messiah.” During this sermon, he also prophesied about the second coming of Jesus Christ.
10

Discourse, 10 Mar. 1844.


On an individual level, JS met with
John

ca. 1788–21 Sept. 1851. Born in Scotland. Married Catharine Paine Von Katten, in New York. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Purchased property in Nauvoo, Hancock Co., Illinois, from JS, 28 June 1841. Returned to New York, by 1851...

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and
Catharine Paine Wilkie

15/20 June 1785–20 Dec. 1861. Born at Tarrytown, Westchester Co., New York. Daughter of Joseph Paine and Altye Martling. Married first Jacob Von Katten, 1 Jan. 1802, in New York. Husband died, 27 Nov. 1826. Married second John Wilkie, in New York. Baptized...

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. John was a member of the church whose faith had been shaken by negative reports about the church’s leaders. Catharine had been praying for her husband, and John now felt ready to pay his
tithing

A free-will offering of one-tenth of a person’s annual interest or income, given to the church for its use. The Book of Mormon and JS’s revision of the Bible explained that “even our father Abraham paid tithes of one tenth part of all he possessed.” Additionally...

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. At his meeting with JS, he donated money toward the construction of the
Nauvoo temple

Located in portion of Nauvoo known as the bluff. JS revelation dated Jan. 1841 commanded Saints to build temple and hotel (Nauvoo House). Cornerstone laid, 6 Apr. 1841. Saints volunteered labor, money, and other resources for temple construction. Construction...

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and JS gave him and Catharine a blessing.
11

Blessing to John and Catharine Paine Wilkie, 15 Mar. 1844.


Even as JS ministered to his people’s spiritual needs, he also dealt with administrative matters, both far afield and near to home. On 13 March, JS and his brother
Hyrum Smith

9 Feb. 1800–27 June 1844. Farmer, cooper. Born at Tunbridge, Orange Co., Vermont. Son of Joseph Smith Sr. and Lucy Mack. Moved to Randolph, Orange Co., 1802; to Tunbridge, before May 1803; to Royalton, Windsor Co., Vermont, 1804; to Sharon, Windsor Co., by...

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signed a letter of authorization for church
elder

A male leader in the church generally; an ecclesiastical and priesthood office or one holding that office; a proselytizing missionary. The Book of Mormon explained that elders ordained priests and teachers and administered “the flesh and blood of Christ unto...

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Amos Fielding

16 July 1792–5 Aug. 1875. Clerk, matchmaker, surveyor. Born in Lancashire, England. Son of Matthew Fielding and Mary Cooper. Christened Anglican. Immigrated to U.S., 1811; returned to Lancashire, by 1829. Married Mary Haydock, 28 June 1829, in Eccleston, ...

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to serve as an
agent

A specific church office and, more generally, someone “entrusted with the business of another.” Agents in the church assisted other ecclesiastical officers, especially the bishop in his oversight of the church’s temporal affairs. A May 1831 revelation instructed...

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for the church in Great Britain.
12

Authorization for Amos Fielding, 13 Mar. 1844.


Later in the month, JS received a letter from
George Bratton

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announcing the creation of a
branch

An ecclesiastical organization of church members in a particular locale. A branch was generally smaller than a stake or a conference. Branches were also referred to as churches, as in “the Church of Shalersville.” In general, a branch was led by a presiding...

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in LaSalle County, Illinois, and asking the
First Presidency

The highest presiding body of the church. An 11 November 1831 revelation stated that the president of the high priesthood was to preside over the church. JS was ordained as president of the high priesthood on 25 January 1832. In March 1832, JS appointed two...

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to send certain missionaries to preach in the area.
13

Letter from George Bratton, 24 Mar. 1844.


Part 3 features fifteen documents. In addition to the documents already described, the part includes a letter from apostle
John E. Page

25 Feb. 1799–14 Oct. 1867. Born at Trenton, Oneida Co., New York. Son of Ebenezer Page and Rachel Hill. Married first Betsey Thompson, 1831, in Huron Co., Ohio. Baptized into Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints by Emer Harris, 18 Aug. 1833, at Brownhelm...

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reporting on his activities in
Washington DC

Created as district for seat of U.S. federal government by act of Congress, 1790, and named Washington DC, 1791. Named in honor of George Washington. Headquarters of executive, legislative, and judicial branches of U.S. government relocated to Washington ...

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, a letter JS wrote to several individuals asking for their assistance in clarifying who owned a tract of land near
Nauvoo

Principal gathering place for Saints following expulsion from Missouri. Beginning in 1839, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints purchased lands in earlier settlement of Commerce and planned settlement of Commerce City, as well as surrounding areas....

More Info
, and a letter from a
Pennsylvania

Area first settled by Swedish immigrants, 1628. William Penn received grant for territory from King Charles II, 1681, and established British settlement, 1682. Philadelphia was center of government for original thirteen U.S. colonies from time of Revolutionary...

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resident requesting a copy of JS’s presidential campaign pamphlet.
14

Letter from John E. Page, 1–2 Mar. 1844; Letter to Alfred Randall and Others, 15 Mar. 1844; Letter from Unidentified Author, 26 Mar. 1844.


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