Footnotes

1. [1]

   See Historical Introduction to Agreement with Jacob Stollings, 12 Apr. 1839; and Thomas B. Marsh and Orson Hyde, Richmond, MO, to Lewis Abbott and Ann Marsh Abbott, Far West, MO, 25–30 Oct. 1838, in JS Letterbook 2, p. 18.  

2. [2]

   Revelation, 9 Feb. 1831 [D&C 42:39]. The earliest publications of the revelation in The Evening and the Morning Star and the Book of Commandments included this phrase. The wording in the 1835 edition of the Doctrine and Covenants was changed to “I will consecrate of the riches of those who embrace my gospel among the Gentiles, unto the poor of my people who are of the house of Israel.” (“Extract from the Laws for the Government of the Church of Christ,” The Evening and the Morning Star, July 1832, [1]; Book of Commandments 44:32; Doctrine and Covenants 13:11, 1835 ed. [D&C 42:39].)  

3. [3]

   Giving testimony against JS in November 1838, George M. Hinkle stated that “the general teachings of the presidency” included the idea that “the times had come when the riches of the Gentiles were to be consecrated to the true Israel— this thing of taking property, was considered a fulfilment of the above prophecy.” (George M. Hinkle, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [42], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes [Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838], in State of Missouri, “Evidence”; see also Agreement with Jacob Stollings, 12 Apr. 1839; Thomas B. Marsh and Orson Hyde, Richmond, MO, to Lewis Abbott and Ann Marsh Abbott, Far West, MO, 25–30 Oct. 1838, in JS Letterbook 2, p. 18; and Whitmer, History, 91–92.)  

4. [4]

   Reed Peck, Testimony, Richmond, MO, Nov. 1838, p. [57], State of Missouri v. JS et al. for Treason and Other Crimes [Mo. 5th Jud. Cir. 1838], in State of Missouri, “Evidence”; see also Luke 6:1. Reed Peck gave this testimony during JS’s 1838 trial in Missouri for treason. In a letter to the Hawk-eye and Iowa Patriot, David W. Kilbourne and Edward Kilbourne of Montrose, Iowa Territory, likewise asserted that JS justified theft by “citing the example of Christ while passing through the corn field.” (David W. Kilbourne and Edward Kilbourne, “Latter-Day-Ism, No. 1,” Hawk-Eye and Iowa Patriot [Burlington], 30 Sept. 1841, [1].)  

   Hawk-Eye and Iowa Patriot. Burlington, IA. 1839–1851.

5. [5]

   See Introduction to Part 3: 4 Nov. 1838–16 Apr. 1839.  

6. [6]

   The source for this quotation, Lee’s Mormonism Unveiled, is not entirely dependable. Evidence suggests that at least portions of the book were ghostwritten by Lee’s attorney while Lee faced the death penalty for his crimes in the Mountain Meadows Massacre. Following Lee’s death, the interviews in the book were edited by Lee’s attorney prior to publication. Current scholarship suggests that the attorney “almost certainly . . . introduced details into the memoir” as a part of the publication process. (Lee, Mormonism Unveiled, 111; Turley et al., Mountain Meadows Massacre Collected Legal Papers, 2:601; Walker et al., Massacre at Mountain Meadows, xii.)  

   Lee, John D. Mormonism Unveiled. St. Louis, MO: Sun Publishing Company, 1882.

   Turley, Richard E., Jr., Janiece L. Johnson, and LaJean Purcell Carruth, eds. Mountain Meadows Massacre Collected Legal Documents. 2 vols. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2017.

   Walker, Ronald W., Richard E. Turley, Jr., and Glen M. Leonard. Massacre at Mountain Meadows. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.

7. [7]

   See “The Mason-Remey and the Kilbourne Collections,” 310–311.  

   Editorial Department, “The Mason-Remey and the Kilbourne Collections,” Annals of Iowa 15 (Apr. 1926): 307–813.

8. [8]

   David W. Kilbourne and Edward Kilbourne, “Latter-Day-Ism, Number One,” Warsaw (IL) Signal, 6 Oct. 1841, [2]. David W. Kilbourne reported to his friend and business partner Hiram Barney that the Latter-day Saints taught “it is doing God service to take the property of the Gentiles” and that on 21 July, JS “told a friend of mine that it was no matter how much was stolen” from Kilbourne. Kilbourne believed the Saints intended to drive him and others from Montrose because they were “standing . . . in the way of the fulfilment of Jo Smiths revelation to build up a city” in Lee County, Iowa Territory. (David W. Kilbourne, Montrose, Iowa Territory, to Hiram Barney, New York City, NY, 10 July 1841; David W. Kilbourne, Montrose, Iowa Territory, to Hiram Barney, New York City, NY, 24 July 1841, Hiram Barney, Papers, Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.)  

   Warsaw Signal. Warsaw, IL. 1841–1853.

   Barney, Hiram. Papers, 1772–1924. The Huntington Library, San Marino, CA.

9. [9]

   David Fullmer, Charge against Oliver Walker Preferred to the Nauvoo High Council, Nauvoo, IL, 11 Oct. 1840, Nauvoo High Council Papers, CHL; see also Truman Richards, Testimony, [Nauvoo, IL], 6 Oct. 1840, Nauvoo High Council Papers, CHL; and Nauvoo High Council Minutes, 10 Oct. 1840.  

   Nauvoo High Council Papers, 1839–1844. CHL. LR 3102 23.

   Nauvoo High Council Minutes, 1839–1845. CHL. LR 3102 22.

10. [10]

    Henry G. Sherwood, Charge against William Gregory Preferred to the Nauvoo High Council, Nauvoo, IL, 14 Oct. 1840, Nauvoo High Council Papers, CHL; see also Nauvoo High Council Minutes, 17 Oct. 1840.  

    Nauvoo High Council Papers, 1839–1844. CHL. LR 3102 23.

    Nauvoo High Council Minutes, 1839–1845. CHL. LR 3102 22.

11. [11]

    Similar accusations had surfaced earlier. Former church member Thomas B. Marsh alleged in 1838 that JS and Sidney Rigdon had permitted the Saints to “pillage, rob, [and] plunder” in Daviess County, Missouri. (Thomas B. Marsh and Orson Hyde, Richmond, MO, to Lewis Abbott and Ann Marsh Abbott, Far West, MO, 25–30 Oct. 1838, in JS Letterbook 2, p. 18.)  

12. [12]

    Editorial, Warsaw (IL) Signal, 15 Dec. 1841, [2].  

    Warsaw Signal. Warsaw, IL. 1841–1853.

13. [13]

    “Mormon Excitement,” Warsaw (IL) Signal, 24 Nov. 1841, [2].  

    Warsaw Signal. Warsaw, IL. 1841–1853.

14. [14]

    Johnson, Autobiographical Sketch and Journal, 35–36.  

    Johnson, Joel H. Autobiographical Sketch, 1879. Typescript. CHL. MS 12931.

15. [15]

    Macedonia Branch, Record, 4 and 18 Nov. 1841. Joseph Holbrook was cashiered from the Nauvoo Legion on 30 November 1841, presumably for similar offenses. (See Report of Nauvoo Legion General Court-Martial, 30 Nov. 1841.)  

    Macedonia Branch, Record / “A Record of the Chur[c]h of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints in Macedonia (Also Called Ramus),” 1839–1850. CHL. LR 11808 21.

16. [16]

    Holbrook, Autobiography and Journal, 61; Macedonia Branch, Record, 18 Nov. 1841.  

    Holbrook, Joseph. Autobiography and Journal, not before 1871. Photocopy. CHL. MS 5004. Original in private possession.

    Macedonia Branch, Record / “A Record of the Chur[c]h of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints in Macedonia (Also Called Ramus),” 1839–1850. CHL. LR 11808 21.

17. [17]

    Macedonia Branch, Record, 12 Nov. 1841.  

    Macedonia Branch, Record / “A Record of the Chur[c]h of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints in Macedonia (Also Called Ramus),” 1839–1850. CHL. LR 11808 21.

18. [18]

    Macedonia Branch, Record, 18 Nov. 1841.  

    Macedonia Branch, Record / “A Record of the Chur[c]h of Jesus Christ of Latter day Saints in Macedonia (Also Called Ramus),” 1839–1850. CHL. LR 11808 21.

19. [19]

    “Thieves,” Times and Seasons, 1 Dec. 1841, 3:615; “Hyrum Smith’s Affidavit,” Times and Seasons, 1 Dec. 1841, 3:615–616; Minutes, Ramus, IL, 18 Nov. 1841, in Times and Seasons, 1 Dec. 1841, 3:616; Brigham Young et al., Statement, Nauvoo, IL, 1 Dec. 1841, in Times and Seasons, 1 Dec. 1841, 3:616–617.  

    Times and Seasons. Commerce/Nauvoo, IL. Nov. 1839–Feb. 1846.