Introduction to Documents, Volume 7: September 1839–January 1841
Joseph Smith Documents from September 1839 through
January 1841
Only a few months removed from the violence that drove
them from the state of , members of the gathered in
the , Illinois, area on 5 October 1839 for a general
conference. There they unanimously agreed that Commerce
would be the new center of gathering for the Latter-day Saints. The conference’s action
highlights the overarching theme of this volume of The Joseph
Smith Papers: the practical and spiritual establishment
of the city that became known as .
From September 1839 through January 1841, Joseph Smith and other church
leaders laid the foundation of the city of (situated in
, Illinois) as
another attempt to establish a community. Beginning in 1831
with efforts to build the city of Zion in , Missouri,
Smith worked to establish a unified community of Saints that would
construct a temple in preparation for Jesus Christ’s return. The efforts there ended in 1833 when the Saints
were driven from the county,
but Joseph Smith continued his attempts in , Ohio, and , Missouri. Although church members dedicated a
in Kirtland in 1836, opposition and violence drove
them from that city, from Far West, and from the entire state of
.
Still reeling from their experiences in Missouri, Smith and the
church commenced their Zion-building efforts again in Nauvoo,
working to make it a “corner stone of Zion.”
This volume’s documents, 129 in total, chronicle both
the practical and spiritual aspects of building another community
where the Saints could gather. The documents detail initial land
sales in the area and depict the heavy financial burden Joseph Smith and
other church leaders carried because of land purchases at Commerce
and across the in . In
addition, the documents reveal the Saints’ struggles with disease
but also illustrate Joseph Smith’s nearly unwavering optimism as he
envisioned the future of and
the construction of a there. They provide a glimpse into some of Smith’s
theological teachings in early Nauvoo, including the doctrine of
baptism for the dead (referenced by Paul in the New Testament), and highlight the international
expansion of the church through the proselytizing efforts of the
in . The volume also shows
that Joseph Smith made efforts to develop Nauvoo and provide
spiritual leadership while he was spending considerable time and
energy trying to obtain redress and reparations for the Saints’
expulsion from and while he was attempting to
resolve various issues with the small group of church members who
remained in , Ohio.
However, this volume does not just illuminate aspects
of Joseph Smith’s life or of the
church he led. It also provides a glimpse into the political and
religious culture in which Smith was again attempting to create a
Zion community for the gathering of the Saints. The impact of
vigilantism and violence in the
on minority religious groups is starkly revealed throughout this
volume. Many documents depict the poverty the Saints experienced
after being driven from as well as their
shock and disbelief that their civil rights could be disregarded in
a nation governed by the United States Constitution. The doctrine of
states’ rights had a tenacious hold on influential American
politicians in the late 1830s and early 1840s, a fact illustrated by
the documents pertaining to Joseph Smith’s meeting with President
and to the hearings
held on the Saints’ memorial for redress before the Senate
Committee on the Judiciary. The volume also demonstrates, however,
that when Mormon votes were a desired political commodity, church
leaders could procure benefits for their community, which is
precisely what occurred with the passage of the bill
to incorporate the city of —a bill that granted the city expansive powers.
In April 1839,
and , acting on behalf of
the church, purchased approximately 180 acres in the area from and , two early Commerce settlers. In May and June 1839, church
agents and purchased from Galland
nearly 18,000 acres in what was known as the in the far
southeastern corner of . Church leaders supplemented these
purchases in August 1839 when they bought nearly 500 more acres in
the Commerce area from ,
, and , who were land
speculators from .
After the surveying and platting of the Commerce-area lands were
complete, Joseph Smith and other church
leaders filed the plat of the city of with the
Hancock County courthouse on 2 September 1839.
Church leaders then turned their attention to land sales in the area. Although Joseph Smith and his counselors in
the had ultimate
supervision over sales, in October 1839 the
designated as a
representative in land transactions. Many of
these transactions involved deferred payment. This type of agreement
generated three major kinds of documents: bonds promising the
purchaser a deed to the land once the purchaser met the scheduled
payments, promissory notes indicating when and in what amounts
payments would be made, and town lot orders specifying the land
conveyed and the terms of the transaction. Hundreds of these kinds
of documents, samples of which are included in this volume, were generated as the Saints
gathered to the Commerce area and purchased land on credit.
Settlement proceeded differently across the around the town of
, Iowa Territory.
Located in ,
Montrose had been surveyed and platted in 1837, although it would
not be incorporated for another two decades. Three
miles south of Montrose, the Saints began preparing a new plat for
the town of , Iowa Territory, which was recorded in
1841. Fewer
Saints moved to the Montrose area than to , and the method
church members used for purchasing land in is not clear
from surviving documents. Lee County records contain a few deeds for
land sold in 1840 and 1841 by , a in Nauvoo, but the scarcity of such records
suggests either that deeds were filed only haphazardly or that other
arrangements not requiring deeds were made with individuals who desired
land.
Joseph Smith and the First
Presidency were apparently less involved with Iowa land sales; these
transactions seem to have been conducted under the purview of local
church authorities.
Although he was not a major participant in land sales, Joseph Smith oversaw
settlement of the area—the new gathering place for the church. He
and other church leaders owed more than $150,000 for the land there,
but the lack of monetary resources in made payment
difficult.
Church responsible for buying and selling land in Nauvoo
issued a report, probably in January 1841, noting that church
leaders had made payments totaling $21,000 to , , and . The report also stated, however, that the
leaders immediately owed
and Hugh White an additional $6,000. If the $6,000 was not paid, the
report continued, “the Church may suffer loss.”
With such debts looming, Joseph Smith became so deeply
entangled in land transactions that he believed his leadership of
the Saints in spiritual matters suffered. This concern was
exacerbated by the death of , the
clerk for land sales, in November 1839. In June
1840, Smith petitioned the
high council to appoint another person to manage the sale of town
lots in Nauvoo, which would allow him “to give his attention more
particularly to those things connected with the Spiritual welfare of
the Saints.” The high council
appointed as the land
clerk but retained Smith as the treasurer of sales, thereby leaving
Smith responsible for overseeing the church’s land
transactions.
For individuals who moved to the - area in 1839 and
1840, one of the challenges they faced was disease. Located in a
swampy area on the flats along the ,
Commerce was, as noted in a manuscript for ’s history, “so
unhea[l]thy very few could live there.” Although the Saints did not know it at the
time, “the ague” that afflicted scores of individuals in the summers
of 1839 and 1840 was mosquito-borne malaria. According to resident , the area became “a
great deel more healthy” after the Saints drained much of the
land. Although the ague was
still prevalent in summer 1840, the number of deaths per capita
decreased from the previous year. Indeed, in
March 1840, Joseph Smith informed one church member of his amazement
regarding the region’s development in winter 1839–1840. “It is
almost incredible to see what amt. of labor has been performed here
during the winter,” he declared. “There is now every prospect of our
haveing a good society, a peaceable habitation and a desirable
residence here.”
As the population in grew, the area gradually became known as , the name
designated on the city plat, though some residents continued to use
the names Commerce and Nauvoo interchangeably. On 21 April 1840,
the name of the post office was changed from Commerce to
Nauvoo. In
December 1840, the legislature incorporated the city
under the Nauvoo name. Because of these
complexities with nomenclature, the annotation in this volume refers
to this region as “Commerce” and “Commerce area” for documents
produced before 21 April 1840 and as “Nauvoo” for documents produced
after that date.
A key component in ’s development
was its incorporation as a city. Concerted efforts were made to
incorporate Nauvoo after ,
the quartermaster general of the militia, moved to
Nauvoo and joined the church in September 1840.
After his arrival, Bennett was appointed, along with Joseph Smith
and , to draft
a bill for the city’s incorporation. A general conference of the
church also assigned Bennett to lobby the
Illinois legislature for the bill’s passage. According to one
source, Bennett “flattered both sides [political parties] with the
hope of Mormon favor; and both sides expected to receive their [the
Saints’] votes” in return. The bill received strong support in the
legislature, and on 16 December 1840 Governor signed it into law.
The act incorporating —often called
the Nauvoo charter—delineated the city’s boundaries, outlined the
powers and responsibilities of the city’s administrative bodies, and
established voting requirements for citizens. The law also
authorized the city council to organize a militia called the and to found a city university. According
to , the act’s provisions were
“very broad and liberal, conferring the most plenary powers on the
corporators.” Although all of the powers granted
to Nauvoo had been previously granted to other chartered cities, the
act later attracted much attention and criticism, especially its
provisions authorizing the Nauvoo Legion and granting to the
municipal court the authority to issue writs of habeas corpus.
Joseph Smith, , and others
sought such “broad and liberal” city powers in their new gathering place in order
to protect themselves from the violence that resulted in their
expulsion from . Indeed, Smith and the
Saints were still haunted by the specter of the violence and
persecution they experienced in winter 1838–1839 at the hands of
non-Mormons and disaffected church members.
After his escape from Missouri state custody in April 1839, Smith
began preparing for a trip to and the eastern
with and to petition the federal government for
redress and restitution. Church leaders had started making plans to
seek redress in early 1839, complying with instruction given in an
1833 revelation that discussed church members’ expulsion from
, Missouri.
That revelation directed the Saints to work through the legal system
for redress and then to petition the governor of Missouri if they
obtained no relief. If the governor rejected them, they were to
petition the president of the United States. Should the president
rebuff them as well, the revelation promised, “then will the Lord
arise and come forth out of his hiding place & in his fury vex
the nation.”
was originally appointed to go to at a
general conference of the church in May 1839.
Sometime thereafter, Joseph Smith was designated to join him,
and an October 1839 general conference assigned to accompany Smith and Rigdon. On 29 October, they
commenced their trip from the area to the nation’s capital, joined by and . The group stopped in , Illinois, and
received a recommendation from the of the church there. They then proceeded to ,
where , a prominent citizen, provided them with a letter of
introduction to the president of the United States. After departing
Springfield, the group traveled to , Ohio, leaving Rigdon there to recover from
illness. Rockwell and Foster remained behind to care for Rigdon,
with instructions to continue to Washington as soon as Rigdon was
well enough to travel.
Joseph Smith and arrived in
on 28
November 1839. The following day, congressman introduced them to President . It is uncertain what
assistance Smith and Higbee requested from the president. Executive
orders were rare in this era of American politics, and Van Buren was
known for being particularly hesitant to intrude on states’ rights.
Therefore, Smith and Higbee may have simply asked Van Buren to use
his influence with Democrats in Congress to gather support for the
petition, or memorial, the church delegation planned to submit to
Congress when the legislature convened the following week. A few
lines of support from Van Buren in his annual address to Congress
(then delivered in writing rather than as a speech) might have
helped generate congressional approval for redress and monetary
reparations for church members’ losses in .
After reading the letters of introduction that Joseph Smith and carried,
reportedly declared, “I can do nothing for you,— if I do any thing,
I shall come in contact with the whole State of .” Smith and Higbee
requested that the president not dismiss their plea for help so
readily, and Van Buren told the men that he would consider the
matter further. After leaving the President’s House (a contemporary
term for the White House), Smith and Higbee turned their attention
to garnering congressional support for their cause, but they still
awaited publication of Van Buren’s annual address to Congress, which
they hoped would mention their situation. When Van Buren
delivered the message to Congress on 14 December 1839, however, it
did not refer to the Mormons.
Joseph Smith and other church leaders had spent months
strategizing their petitioning efforts. Their core complaint was
that the expulsion of the Saints from and the subsequent loss of property had all
occurred under the threat of state-sanctioned extermination.
However, their challenge was finding the constitutional arguments
most likely to elicit federal intervention in their behalf. At one
point, suggested that they
“impeach the State of Missouri” using the Guarantee Clause of the
United States Constitution (article 4, section 4), which requires
each state to maintain a republican form of government. After
arriving in the nation’s capital, Joseph Smith proposed a case based
on Missouri’s violation of the Third Amendment because of the
quartering of state militia troops in the Saints’ homes without
their permission. Ultimately, the church delegation founded their
case on the willful abridgement of the Saints’ property rights that
occurred as a result of religious prejudice, but they did not
explicitly cite a particular constitutional article or amendment in
the process.
Joseph Smith, , and apparently began drafting their memorial to Congress before they left for . This memorial—the centerpiece of the church’s
petitioning efforts—described the violence perpetrated by vigilantes against church members, which
ultimately forced the Saints to flee Missouri. The memorial stated
that the church wanted $2 million for reparations and asserted that
Congress was the proper body to authorize this amount. After Smith and
Higbee reached Washington DC, the congressional
delegation helped them finalize the memorial and advised them on
navigating congressional procedures. On 28 January
1840, Illinois senator
introduced the memorial to the
Senate. A few days later, the Senate sent the memorial to its
Committee on the Judiciary, apparently instructing the committee to
determine whether Congress had jurisdiction over the church’s
case.
While preparing the memorial and then awaiting the Senate committee’s
report, Smith and continued to gather documentation in support of
the church’s claims, particularly affidavits that described the
persecutions individual church members experienced and that itemized
their property losses. The process of obtaining affidavits commenced
in early 1839, when Joseph Smith instructed church members to
document the “suffering and abuses put upon them by the people of
this state [] and also of all the property and
amount of damages which they have sustained both of character and
personal Injuries as will [well] as real property.” Smith,
, and Higbee carried several of
these affidavits with them when they departed for , and
church leaders in and sent them
additional affidavits by mail after the delegation left. On 17 February
1840, submitted hundreds of
these affidavits to accompany the memorial.
Joseph Smith took time while in the eastern to visit
Latter-day Saint congregations in and . He traveled to in December 1839 and January 1840, forming a
branch among the growing number of Saints there. He also obtained a reading from noted
Philadelphia phrenologist and
wrote a letter to the editor of the Register and
Examiner, a newspaper in West
Chester, Pennsylvania, to counteract “many false
rumors” about him and the church.
By the end of January 1840, he was back in , where
he preached several times, though the report of only one of those
discourses is extant.
The Senate Committee on the Judiciary was still considering the church’s
memorial when Joseph Smith decided to return to
, leaving to act as
liaison to the committee. On 4 March 1840,
the committee returned the memorial to the Senate. It reported its
position that the federal government had no jurisdiction over the
case and that “the petitioners must seek relief in the courts
of judicature of the State of , or of the .”
Despite church leaders’ efforts to explain the violation of the
Saints’ constitutional rights, the memorial was dismissed on a basis
of jurisdiction that prevented a full investigation of the Saints’
claims. The committee recommended it be discharged from considering
the memorial any further, and on 23 March 1840 the Senate passed the
recommendation as a resolution, ending the church’s hopes of
obtaining federal redress at that time.
By 29 February 1840, Joseph Smith was back in the area, where he eventually received ’s reports of the Senate’s action. Smith expressed in
several sermons his frustration with the federal government, calling
“a huckstering politician,
who would sacrifice any and every thing to promote his re-election”
and declaring that if the Saints pleaded their case for eight years,
they would “find no favor in any of the courts of this
government.” Other church members
expressed anger and disappointment as well. An April 1840 general
conference of the church established a committee that prepared
several resolutions in response to the decision of the Senate,
including one declaring the Senate’s position “unconstitutional” and
“subversive of the rights of a free people.” Another resolution
framed the Senate’s direction to seek redress in courts as insulting, noting that Missouri
governor ’s 1838
extermination order meant church members could only enter that state
“at the risk of our lives.” The committee resolved that Joseph Smith
and other church leaders should “continue to use their endeavors to
obtain redress for a suffering people” and thanked the congressional delegation for its assistance in
preparing and submitting the memorial.
In arguing about the injustice of the state of ’s treatment of the Latter-day Saints, the
memorial contended that even Missouri officials were embarrassed by
the state’s actions and therefore allowed Joseph Smith and his colleagues to
escape from jail in April 1839. To support this assertion, the
memorial pointed out that had
not requested Smith be extradited back to Missouri as a fugitive
from justice. In September 1840,
however, Boggs
made a requisition to governor for Smith’s extradition, and Carlin
subsequently issued an arrest warrant. According to the church
newspaper, Times and Seasons, when the sheriff
attempted to serve the warrant, “through the tender mercies of a
kind Providence,” Smith and others named in the warrant “were not to
be found; as the Lord would have it, they were gone from home.”
bishop later remembered Joseph Smith taking two
trips on a church-owned steamboat “to keep out of the way of the
officers of the law.” The warrant was not served on Smith until
the following year, but its issuance indicated that he still faced
problems as a result of the 1838–1839 conflict in Missouri.
Joseph Smith devoted considerable time and energy to
petitioning the federal government for redress, especially from
October 1839 through April 1840—a period during which Smith declared
that the redress effort “was the only thing that ought to interest
the saints at present.” Yet he was still able
to address the spiritual development of the church and its members.
Throughout the period covered in this volume, he frequently spoke to
the Saints and, especially during his trip to , to
non-Mormons. Some of these discourses focused on the Saints’ efforts
to obtain redress from the federal government, but others
explicated theological topics. For example, at the October 1840
general conference, read a statement Joseph Smith prepared on the and orders of the , a subject Smith had periodically addressed in
the past. This instruction, however, contained ideas Smith had not
yet discussed publicly, including his explanation of the doctrine of
translation—a power allowing humans to live in a transformed state
until Jesus Christ’s second coming.
In a July 1840 discourse, Smith provided more information about ,
stating that it was wherever the Saints gathered and encompassed all
of North and South
America. In January 1841,
he gave an address on the eternal nature of matter, asserting that
God did not create the earth out of nothing but rather formed it
from existing materials such as fire, water, and air, all of which
were “eternal existant principles,” as were the spirits of
humankind. That same month,
he told a gathering that God gave bodies to spirits in order to arm
them against Satan’s power.
In August 1840, Joseph Smith taught publicly for
the first time that church members could be on behalf of deceased relatives. He discussed
this concept in a funeral sermon for (who had served on
the
) and elaborated on the teaching during the
October 1840 general conference. According to church
member , Smith
explained that the Saints could be “baptised for all their kinsfolks
that have died before this Gospel came forth; even back to their
great Grandfather and Mother if they have ben personally acquainted
with them.” Church members began performing baptisms for the dead in
the as early as
September; baptisms continued during the October conference, with at
times at least ten baptizing Saints for their deceased
family members.
In addition to instructing the Saints, Joseph Smith
solidified the church’s administrative foundation during this
period. The October 1839 general conference designated the area as “a and a place of gathering
for the saints” and then approved the appointment of as of the stake and
twelve men as the high council.
Three were designated for the Commerce area: one for an
upper ward, one for a middle ward, and one for a lower ward. The conference also established a church across the in
, complete with a
president, a high council, and a bishop.
In 1840 other stakes were created in , including one at ,
about thirty miles southeast of Nauvoo.
By spring 1840, church leaders had decided to construct a in
. Throughout that year, Joseph Smith referenced plans to
build the temple, and in January 1841, a
revelation declared that a temple was necessary for
performing baptisms for the dead and other . “How shall your washings be acceptable unto
me [God],” it stated, “except, ye perform them in a house which you
have built to my name?” In addition, the revelation declared that
the temple would be a place “for the Most High to dwell” and that
God would there restore “the fullness of the Priesthood.” The
revelation also instructed the Saints to construct a “house for
boarding,” referred to as the , where “the weary traveller” could find “health and
safety” while in Nauvoo. Four trustees were designated to oversee
the building’s construction, and several men were directed to
purchase stock in the Nauvoo House to fund the project.
The January 1841 revelation also elaborated on the church’s leadership
structure and designated individuals to fill positions left vacant
by death or disaffection. , the
first bishop in the church, and ,
the church’s , had both died in recent months;
, who was designated the
second elder of the church in 1830 and became an assistant president of the church
in 1834, had been excommunicated in 1838. To
replace these officers, the revelation appointed as a bishop and both as patriarch and as the one who would
receive “the bishoprick and blessing and glory, and honor and
priesthood and gifts of the priesthood” that once belonged to
Cowdery. would then replace Hyrum as a
counselor in the . The revelation also
listed the members of the , affirming that was now president, and listed the members
of the high council
and the seven presidents over the Quorums of the . In addition, it designated individuals to
preside in Nauvoo over the
, the quorum, the , and the .
The January 1841 revelation also instructed Joseph Smith, , and “to make a solemn
proclamation of my gospel” to “all the Kings of the world, to the
four corners thereof; to the Honorable President Elect, and the high
minded Governors” both in the
and in “all the nations of the earth.” The proclamation was to bear
testimony to those officials, warn them to heed the instructions of
the Lord’s servants, and invite them to bring their gold and silver
to to help God’s
people. The call for such a
proclamation showed that Joseph Smith and the church continued to
emphasize preaching and gathering converts before Jesus Christ’s
second coming, especially because they believed they were building a
city that would be a light to the world and a refuge from the
disasters that would precede Christ’s second advent.
The importance of proselytizing and gathering converts to
was also highlighted by the mission of the Quorum of the Twelve
Apostles to —an undertaking that
was ongoing during the period this volume covers. When the Twelve
Apostles were originally appointed in 1835, Joseph Smith informed them that
they were “to unlock the door of the kingdom of heaven unto all
nations and preach the Gospel unto every creation.” In 1837
Smith assigned apostles
and to proselytize in England with
several other men. By
the time they returned from England the following year, the men had
baptized more than fifteen hundred people and had established
several congregations. A
July 1838 revelation directed all of the apostles to depart from
, Missouri, to commence a mission “over the great
waters” the following spring. Despite the Saints’ expulsion from in winter 1838–1839 and the subsequent
challenges of resettling refugee Saints in and , the apostles were determined to fulfill this
commandment. On 26 April 1839, several members of the quorum met at
the location designated for a in , held a council in which they
and as apostles, and
“fulfilled the revelation & Commandment,” according to
Woodruff. When the apostles
returned from Far West to and ,
however, they paused to further settle their families and prepare
for the mission before pressing on to the East. Between August
and September 1839, seven of the apostles left the Commerce area
with other missionaries, departing in four companies.
Arriving in in 1840, the apostles
went to work preaching, baptizing converts, and expanding church
membership. By October 1840, the total number of church members in
England exceeded thirty-five hundred, and missionaries were
preaching in Scotland,
Ireland,
Australia, and the East
Indies under the apostles’ direction. The apostles also
started a monthly periodical—the Latter-day Saints’
Millennial Star—published a hymnal, and began efforts to
republish the 1837 edition of the Book of Mormon. As
these efforts proceeded, some of the apostles, including and ,
wrote to Joseph Smith to get his advice and
approval as well as to update him on proselytizing and to share
their observations on England’s social conditions. Smith responded to these letters in December 1840, telling the
apostles, “amidst the general movements which are now in progress,
none is of more importance than the glorious work in which you are
now engaged.”
Two other apostles were assigned to a different mission in April 1840. At
the church’s general conference held that month, stated that “he had recently been moved upon
by the spirit of the Lord” to go to the Jews in ,
, , Constantinople, and
Palestine and to “gather up all the
information he could from them respecting their movements, [and]
expectations.” The conference then appointed Hyde to this mission.
Later in the conference, after Joseph Smith
assigned to accompany Hyde,
Smith and prepared
the necessary credentials for the two apostles, who departed soon
thereafter. For
most of the period covered in this volume, the two preached mainly
in and in
locations in the eastern ,
trying to raise funds for their mission abroad; they had not
actually left the country by the end of January 1841. Like the apostles in , Hyde and Page periodically reported to Joseph Smith on
their progress and received instruction back from him.
Meanwhile, church leaders examined the possibility of printing new editions
of church publications in the .
In November 1839, , who was in , noted that “the Book of Mormon is not to be had in this
part of the vineyard for love or money, hundreds are wanting in
various parts here abouts.” As the person who had been responsible
for the 1837 reprint of the Book of Mormon, Pratt proposed
printing a new edition in New York.
responded that although there was “truly a
famine throughout the Union” of the Book of Mormon “and another
large Edition is certainly required,” it was better to publish it in
under the
direction of the First Presidency. On 29 December 1839, the Nauvoo
high council passed a resolution to print ten thousand new hymnals
and to reprint the Book of Mormon “under the inspection of the First
Presidency, as soon as money can be raised to defray the
expences.”
Efforts to reprint the Book of Mormon began in earnest in summer 1840. In
June, Joseph Smith helped —who, along with
, was publishing the
church periodical Times and Seasons in —compare the
1837
edition of the Book of Mormon with the 1830
edition. Robinson then took the marked-up 1837 copy to
to have
it stereotyped and printed.
Joseph Smith and the Nauvoo high council later commissioned high
counselors and to raise
money for the publication as well as for the printing of the new
hymnal. Robinson returned to Nauvoo in
September 1840, bringing with him two thousand copies of the Book of
Mormon and stereotyped plates for printing copies in the
future. He and Don Carlos Smith
then transferred ownership of the plates to Joseph Smith in exchange
for the rights to print an additional twenty-five hundred copies of
the book.
The hymnal took more time to produce but was also greatly needed.
Recognizing a dearth of hymnbooks, , a church member
in , had
produced in 1838 his own unauthorized edition of the church’s 1835
hymnal. His hymnal was rejected by a general conference, and he
faced disciplinary action for its production. After the high council
resolved in December 1839 that a new hymnbook should be published,
began plans to compile
this book and announced at the October 1840 general conference that
he had made arrangements to print it. A notice the following
month in the Times and Seasons asked all those with
“a poetical genius” to “immediately forward all choice, newly composed, or revised
hymns” to Robinson for inclusion. The hymnal was
ready for sale in March 1841.
In addition to overseeing these publications, Joseph Smith continued to provide
guidance to church members living in , Ohio. Although the majority of Saints had
departed Kirtland in 1838 after Smith and moved to , Missouri, a small contingent remained. A
May 1839 conference appointed (who
had spent time in Kirtland in 1838 trying to resolve the debts of
Smith and other church leaders) as the presiding authority over the
church there, but Granger did not actually get to Kirtland until a
year later. After his arrival,
he wrote to Joseph Smith that ,
a member of the Seventy, was making disparaging remarks there about
Smith and other church leaders. The high council
heard the charges in September, and Babbitt was cleared of the
accusations. The following
month, Babbitt was appointed as the presiding authority in Kirtland,
though Joseph Smith asked Granger to work with Babbitt in that
calling. Granger was also supposed to continue his efforts to
resolve outstanding debts Smith held in .
Additional controversy arose in when , a
missionary for the church, arrived there in summer 1840 and preached
doctrines unfamiliar to some members. This situation prompted , a church leader in
Kirtland, to ask Joseph Smith whether Dunham was
authorized to make
his pronouncements. Although no reply
from Smith is extant, he was clearly concerned with the beliefs and
attitudes of the Kirtland Saints in general. In an October 1840 letter, Joseph and counseled
church members in Kirtland to “put away . . . all evil speaking,
backbiting & unge[ne]rous thoughts and feelings” so that they
could “see good and glorious days.”
Like these letters to and from , the majority of documents in this volume
consist of correspondence either directed to or received by Joseph Smith. Much of this
communication occurred while he was traveling in the eastern , although some
letters were sent to or from him while he was living in . Some of the
letters still exist in their original form, but for many the only
extant copies were made in Joseph Smith’s Letterbook
2 by one of his scribes or were versions published in the
Times and Seasons. The volume also contains
minutes of several church meetings in which Smith participated. Most
of these minutes come from the Nauvoo high council minute book,
which was the official record book of the high council kept by and . In addition, the volume contains land
documents, licenses, recommendations, accounts of discourses, and
the January 1841 revelation designating Nauvoo as a stake
and a “corner stone of Zion.”
These documents help illuminate this difficult period in Joseph Smith’s life—a time when he
was trying to regroup church members after their forced expulsion
from and attempting to establish a new gathering
place for the Saints. The documents reveal a church leader striving
to unify his people and extend the church’s reach through missionary
work, especially through the efforts of the Quorum of the Twelve
Apostles. They show a man concerned for the health and well-being of
his followers—and a man striving to obtain redress for the wrongs
they suffered in Missouri. These documents are critical to
understanding Joseph Smith as a person, as a husband and father, and
as a prophet to his people; to comprehending the foundations of the
Mormon experience in ; and to grasping the larger context of events in the
and elsewhere
that influenced Smith and the church from 1839 to 1841.